To Dean (from Dick Fojut)... In some support of your contention that moon craters (or most of them) and other geological moon phenomena were NOT all caused by meteor impacts, I remind all what JASTROW and THOMPSON wrote in their famous "Astronomy: Fundamentals and Frontiers" book (My copy is now 20 years old).
They stated about the CRATERS on the moon and Mercury, that most scientists (at that time) were deeply divided in their opinions. About HALF believed most of the craters were formed from ancient meteor impacts. The other HALF believed most were VOLCANICALLY caused. Eruptions.
Obviously today, a majority of orthodox scientists now believe in the meteor theory almost exclusively. (Did the other half die or lose tenure since that book was first written? Or just go along with the meteor believers?)
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Dean, I've read your ORIGIN OF MOON CRATERS website idea. You wrote:
"The only logical answer is that the craters were produced by particle beam weapons during the great interplanetary war. This, no doubt, was the one mentioned earlier, when the planet Maldek was destroyed. Other planetary bodies show similar craters, for instance, Mercury, Mars and the moons of Jupiter."
You may be right in the above! It's a better explanation than the ridiculous "meteor impacts" assumption. Besides, I'm a science fiction fan too! Velikovsky, minus the space war idea, thought massive "natural" electrical discharges between bodies was one cause of catastrophes.
AN ALTERNATE POSSIBILITY...
But there may be an another possible "logical" explanation for moon craters as well. This is purely hypothetical on my part (but backed by what James Churchward contended about HOW worlds and suns may be have similarly formed.
Just for the moment, assume (or pretend) that Churchward was correct about earth's initial beginning....
A centripetal force (the "finger" of the Creator?) collected super hot gases in space and rough and tumbled them into a spherical form. The nebula contained all the elements that would make up the earth's crust, waters and atmosphere. (Clever Being, that Creator). And for the moment, also assume that Churchward was correct that after SOME of the gases cooled and went into chemical combinations to form the rock crust, a large, thick portion of the MOLTEN matter remained hot and molten just under and in contact with the "harder" cooling rock crust - for definite PURPOSES. (Churchward has a "neutral zone" explanation why no further solidifying of the molten matter will occur, but that is not necessary to my supposition at this moment. Will explain later.)
But to get to my alternative idea about moon craters, I feel some basic explanation is first necessary before going into it. Please bear with me even if this seems "tedious" stuff. Quit now and you'll miss the "exciting" conclusion...
A "FRICTION LINE" DUAL MAGNET...
If Churchward is correct, there is a FRICTION LINE, where earth's hard crust meets the molten matter (rotating at a slower pace than the hard crust) creating a DUAL MAGNET. (He suggests a similar condition for ALL planets and stars rotating on an axis and necessary for a body to generate forces). FRICTION attracts all forces to itself. Similarly, a surface dynamo's "friction" attracts certain forces out of the atmosphere into itself. The atmosphere quickly returns to the former filled condition as surrounding forces rush in to equalize the volume in the atmosphere near the dynamo.
THE COLD MAGNETIC DIVISION...
The "cold magnetic division" of earth's dual functioning "magnet" just under the harder crust attracts only elemental matter in the crust, surface and atmosphere, to itself. He called this the "cold magnetic force" - or what we usually refer to as "the force of gravity."
No electromagnetic forces, no heat or light forces, etc. are involved with the normal downward "pull" of the cold magnetic division of the central magnet on elemental matter in the crust, surface or atmosphere. This division of the central magnet, and whatever unseen special force it radiates, has exclusive magnetic "pulling" control over elemental matter. (That clever Creator preferred to make things specialized).
THE ELECTROMAGNETIC DIVISION...
The 2nd division, the "electromagnetic division" of the central magnet, attracts all electromagnetic Forces to it; earth's invisible-to-sight heat forces, light forces, combining forces, the compound Life or Vital force, various other magnetic forces and uncountable other electromagnetic forces used by Nature.
At all times, earth's great and continuous CENTRIFUGAL FORCE is antagonistic to the "pull" of this "central" magnet upon elements, attempting to throw all elements (and the moon) out into space. Neutral zones have been formed between the centrifugal force and central magnet, that make life on earth's surface possible and keep all finer elements held within the outer limits of earth's atmosphere. (That clever Creator again.).
Also, this Dual magnet. "Friction line" both REgenerates "exhausted" forces (as Churchward calls them) returning to their friction line magnetic "source," from the crust and atmosphere... and also generates NEW electromagnetic earthly forces, both of which are then stored in a temporarily dormant state in earth's "storehouse," the thick, hard, relatively cold crust. They are stored in Earth's "battery," until magnetically called forth by the Sun's affinitive magnetic forces carried in her rays. (The Sun's elemental rays possibly being the soft and hard particles theorized by Cater? My speculation.)
EACH OF EARTH'S FORCES HAS A SPECIAL PURPOSE...
Those multiple, invisible-to-vision forces (each with a SPECIFIC PURPOSE in nature) permeate and saturate the entire hard crust to the "holding capacity" of the elements in the crust. Churchward claimed that ALL of earth's specialized invisible forces need elements to exist WITH. (Forces animate elements, set them into motion and life.) And each elemental particle, including the atoms and parts smaller than atoms, can only "hold" in suspension so much volume of force. Any additional volume becomes an excess and gets "spilled" away... moving to other elements or areas where the volume of forces is deficient and then equalizes. The most obvious examples of this excess charge of forces are the downward bolts of atmospheric LIGHTNING returning to the hard crust storage house and overcharges of forces equalizing horizontally across the sky to deficient areas, seen as "sheet lightning."
THE CRUST IS SATURATED WITH ALL FORCES...
According to Churchward, it is the SATURATION of the hard crust, to the "holding capacity for forces," of its overall elements, that prevents the "central" layer of molten matter from cooling further. With no additional "ROOM SPACE" within the hard crust's elements, to store additional generated and regenerated forces, the volume of HEAT FORCE (for example) still saturating the molten matter, cannot be dispersed to the cold crust. The crust is already fully saturated. Thus a NEUTRAL ZONE exists at the friction line. Only re-generated existing forces returned from the surface and atmosphere, and newly generated replacement forces generated at the friction line can be moved to the "battery" storage house of the "cold" crust. Earth is in balance and can cool no deeper.
EARTH IS KEPT UPRIGHT BY THE GYROSCOPICAL FORCE
Another function of the molten layer grinding against the hard crust, is that it keeps the earth UPRIGHT. The encased centrifugal force inside the earth, pressing the molten matter against the hard crust, creates a GYROSCOPICAL force. Remember, the hard outside crust is rotating faster than the molten layer. The difference between the two creates a GYROSCOPICAL force; rotation also causing volumes of forces to move UPWARD packing into the polar area, super magnetizing the polar area.
The auroral display is shown because the Sun's affinitive magnetic forces carried in her rays are especially attracted to the extra volumes of the earth's forces super magnetizing the polar regions.
THE NORTH POLAR AREA IS SUPERMAGNETIZED...
Hole or not, the volume of all forces yearly super-magnetizing the north polar area is being attracted out into the atmosphere above the polar area by the sun's powerful affinitive magnetic forces. Other sun forces activate some of those auroral forces to affect elements in the atmosphere (and the essence or ether) causing them to become visible to our sight.
Churchward, in some agreement with others contended that the elements of our "popular" atmosphere (the analyzable elements) "float" in a thin essence (or ether) surrounding earth, that while also being ELEMENTAL in nature, the particles of the essence cannot be analyzed by our present instruments. Radio waves and LIGHT waves from the electromagnetic division for example, move through the thinner elements of the essence, not through the "coarser" elements of the "popular" atmosphere, though they affect both.
THE VITAL AND ESSENTIAL ROLE OF THE SUN?
The Sun's magnetic forces (having NO magnetic power over or direct effect upon earthly elements and earth's surface, according to Churchward) have great affinity only for the electromagnetic division forces stored in earth's crust. The Sun's magnetic forces carried in her rays, PENETRATE the crust (as Cater contends) and attract volumes of earth's forces out into earth's atmosphere where other similar forces from the sun give them life.
Without the sun magnetic forces, earth's forces permeating the crust would largely stay there in the crust, in a dormant, "cold" state. The sun's electromagnetic forces give earth's electromagnetic forces life - indirectly rotate earth on its axis - and hold earth in its precise orbit.
Only after the various earthly forces are drawn out into earth's atmosphere, other special affinitive sun forces mingle with them and agitate them into action in the atmosphere. Affinitive heat forces from the sun cause earth's similar heat forces to activate in the atmosphere. Affinitive light forces from the sun cause earth's similar light force to be activated in the atmosphere. Churchward contended that we do not get HEAT and LIGHT DIRECTLY from the sun. There are no significant elemental particles in space between earth and the sun to reflect light or raise temperature. The sun's affinitive forces, carried to earth by its rays, ACTIVATE earth's heat and light into life and movement only in our atmosphere.
EARTH'S FORCES PERMEATE EVERY ELEMENT IN THE CRUST, ON THE SURFACE AND IN THE ATMOSPHERE...
This is vital to understand. According to Churchward, like the force saturated crust, earth's many generated forces also permeate every elemental particle on the surface and throughout the atmosphere. Each day, the sun's magnetic pulling forces draw out ADDITIONAL volumes of forces from storage in earth's crust until they saturate the atmospheric particles - and no more. Once the "holding capacity of forces" for the thinner atmospheric elemental particles is reached, filled to the maximum that the atmospheric particles can hold in suspension, no more forces can be drawn out of the crust by the sun's magnetic forces. The atmosphere is "filled" and any temporary excess will be quickly returned to the crust's storehouse as LIGHTNING.
THE SUN HAS NO DIRECT MAGNETIC CONTROL OVER EARTH'S ELEMENTS AND SURFACE. EARTH'S ELEMENTS ARE NEUTRAL TO THE SUN'S ELECTROMAGNETIC FORCES.
With no more forces to "pull" out of earth's crust, the sun's further magnetic pull on earth's forces is neutralized by each noon. Again as Churchward contends, the sun's magnetic forces have NO direct control, "pull" or hold upon earth's elemental surface. The sun cannot magnetically grip earth's surface and hold one side to face the sun, as earth does with the moon. Once the sun's pull on earth forces is neutralized by the atmosphere being saturated, unable to hold more forces in suspension, Earth's morning surface then continues to freely rotate west to east out of sight of the sun.
(See later how this daily battle between the sun's magnetic forces pulling earth's forces out into the atmosphere against the resistance of earth's central magnet to hold and keep her forces inside the crust, causes earth to rotate on an axis. Its a simple but very clever procedure invented by the Creator.)
But apparently the affinitive HEAT forces (separate from the sun's above MAGNETIC forces) carried by other Sun's rays do NOT penetrate the crust and DIRECTLY activate earth's heat forces INSIDE the crust.. Reason this... If the Sun's heat forces did affect the earth's heat forces stored in bulk inside the crust DIRECTLY, they would cause the earth's own dormant and inactive (cold) heat force permeating the entire crust to go into action while still in the crust. The crust would overheat, melt and spell the end of life on earth. This does not happen. Thus it appears that ONLY AFTER earth's various stored forces in her crust are attracted out into the atmosphere, do they become "agitated" into full action, movement and life by similar affinitive forces from the sun.
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CONTRADICT CATER?...
This may SEEM to contradict Cater about soft and hard particles (rays?) from the sun penetrating the crust, and producing LIGHT and heat within deep tunnels and chambers in the crust and in the HE itself. I think a possible reconciliation might be this: The sun's special (hard and soft particle) elemental rays (carrying both invisible - and also dormant - sun heat and sun light forces) may penetrate the crust as Cater thinks. But for some reason (?), they do NOT directly and immediately activate earth's heat and light forces permeating the entire upper crust until the sun's rays pass some great distance inward (Cater's 50 mile distance?). Only then do Cater's ray particles begin to break down and "release" the light and heat forces they carry, so that they then agitate earth's own deep light and heat forces in caverns and tunnels and the HE into life. Obviously only a limited portion is activated or they would agitate earth's heat forces in the crust into FULL action and cause the melting catastrophe I described above.
This partial activation might be a reason for the DIM light within the HE hollow. (Clever Creator again.) Perhaps only among earth's outer atmospheric elements can HEAT and LIGHT turn on FULL force. Just speculative reconciliation on my part.
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HOW DOES THE SUN (INDIRECTLY) CAUSE EARTH TO ROTATE ON AN AXIS?
Churchward contended ONLY the Sun's electromagnetic forces carried by her rays affect earth's electromagnetic forces... magnetically "pulling" them from earth's storehouse crust, out into the atmosphere. Earth's elements and earth's surface are neutral to any magnetic "pull" from the sun's magnetic forces. I
Note the JPEG below (the Sun on the right, earth on left)
As the morning quarter of earth (top right) rotates into "sight" of the Sun, the Sun's magnetic forces begin to "pull" out earth's forces being held in storage in the morning quarter crust by earth's central magnet.
Earth's central magnet resists, trying to hold her forces in the crust against the pull from the Sun. But the Sun's magnetic pull is too strong. For a time Earth's magnet with morning quarter, trying to hold tight to her forces, is DRAGGED along with her forces as they gradually are pulled out into the atmosphere from the morning quarter by the Sun's superior pull. Once the forces have been pulled free, Earth's magnet surrenders the effort. But by then the morning quarter surface crust has been rotated west to east while "following" her forces.
By the time the morning quarter surface has rotated and become the afternoon quarter (lower right), all forces in that quarter have been pulled out of that quarter of the crust saturating the atmosphere since noon. The Sun having no magnetic control over the quarter's surface elements, the now afternoon quarter continues rotating west to east, becoming the evening quarter (lower left) The atmosphere above the surface, being fully saturated with forces since noon, the sun's magnetic forces (dotted lines striking the lower right quarter) from noon on, have no more magnetic "pulling" power.on any earthly forces still held in the afternoon quarter's surface.
By late afternoon, as the afternoon quarter begins to rotate out of direct "sight" of the Sun, some of the forces held in suspension in the afternoon atmosphere, begin to return to their "home" in the evening crust (for regeneration)
The afternoon quarter has now become the evening quarter(lower left). All volumes of forces, aside from a minority still needed to complete their tasks in the night atmosphere, return to the crust for regeneration.
During the night (night quarter upper left) all returned forces are being regenerated at earth's friction line magnet. The night quarter crust becomes fully charged again with stored forces.
And once again, the fully recharged crust quarter rotates into morning sight of the Sun and the Sun once again begins to pull the forces out into the atmosphere.
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As each new recharged morning quarter comes into view of the Sun, loses it forces by afternoon, a new recharged morning quarter has rotated and come into sight of the Sun and finds its forces also beginning to be pulled out. Each morning, the earth's central magnet first resists, and each new quarter is pulled along, "following" its gradually departing forces, and is thus rotated from west to east.
And so it will continue to the end of time... or until our Sun ceases to exist, Churchward was convinced. Ever read of anyone else explaining as simply and logically why and how earth is rotated on its axis by the Sun? I haven't.
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Now what has all the preceding got to do with MOON CRATERS?
Again, assume that Churchward is correct that when earth's primary granite crust solidified from a molten state, "purposely" placed within that molten mass by the Creator, were volumes of NON-solidifying gases that could not be absorbed by the forming and hardening granite rock. Room space in the granite had to be allowed for the gases. The granite solidified AROUND the gases. The gases formed large and small BUBBLES of the most explosive type of gases that had been in the nebula. Churchward, on good evidence, suspected that HALF the volume of the solidifying, but still hot, soft and pliable primary granite was filled with these bubbles of EXPLOSIVE VOLCANIC GASES.
As the earth was regularly rotating on an axis (by then under control of the Sun's forces as described above with the JPEG, maintaining that rotation), the tops and bottoms of the bubbles were FLATTENED in the still pliable and plastic granite, covering greater horizontal area than height. According to Churchward most of these gas filled volcanic chambers were less than 400 feet from roof to floor. Many could be measured with a foot ruler in height. But some were thousands of miles in extent. And some miles deep. Many volcanic blowouts of the surface bubbles (chambers) occurred long BEFORE the waters and atmosphere formed on earth.
The subsequent formation of earth's atmosphere and water (eventually covering the entire surface rocks) is the rest of early earth's story. The constant blowouts of near surface chambers, Churchward claimed, were responsible for all the emersions and submersions of land in earth's subsequent history, and as well for our ocean depths as multiple subterranean chambers, one under the other, indirectly emptied of their bolstering gases, collapsed under water, pancake fashion, to form very deep holes. As you must know, the mountains and mountain ranges were a different and special story, only uplifted in "recent" times, most between between 15,000 and 12,000 years back, according to Churchward.
THE MOON CRATERS. FINALLY GOT TO THEM!
Whether the moon formed near earth or somehow wandered in and was "captured" by earth must remain a mystery for now.
Dean, consider this... Perhaps the early moon formed similarly to earth as described by Churchward, from a hot nebula of gases. Its granite crust, like earth's, solidified around bubbles of volcanic gases. Like earth, at first a MOLTEN center layer formed and the moon, initially rotated on an axis, under control of earth's forces similar to how the Sun controls earth. (Moon has to be under control of earth's forces and magnet, not the sun's, or it would be orbiting the sun, not earth.)
For unknown reasons, let us assume that water and atmospheric elements were DEFICIENT in the moon's creating nebula. And let us assume that the molten layer, necessary to form a FRICTION LINE magnet was also thin and deficient for the size of the moon. A thin and deficient molten layer, at first rotating VERY, VERY slowly with the forming outer crust of the moon rotating only slightly faster, would be incapable of generating forces like earth. What heat forces the moon retains, may be stored in the crust. Most initial heat force withdrawn from the early Moon's shallow atmosphere, may have caused the outer crust to cool, solidify and harden the moon's upper surface rock layers much faster than on earth. With its surface hardened, subsequent uplifting of rock layers into "mountains" or Rilles that stayed fixed in uplifted triangles with base supports, may have been more common than on forming earth.
The heat, light and other forces (present in her creating nebula) that the moon may continue to still retain in its thin molten layer, but now fixed and no longer rotating on an axis, might still be present, but very deficient. And without an rotating spin, a CENTRIFUGAL force would be nearly absent. Unlike the neutrality of the Sun to Earth's elements claimed by Churchward, the moon's surface appears to be under the same cold magnetic control of earth's central magnet as are all other earthly elements.
Only earth's powerful centrifugal force and accompanying unseen REPELLANT forces may be keeping the moon from crashing into earth, pulled inward by Earth's elemental magnet. Magnetically, earth's magnet has fixed one side of the moon to face us. About the above 2 paragraphs we can probably be in general agreement.
But about the Moon craters... I'm assuming the moon in the very distant past, did at first rotate very slowly around an axis. Some centrifugal force from the spin, would have, as on earth, forced deeper volcanic gases upward, over-compressing relatively shallow, but horizontally expansive, flattened "bubble" chambers near the surface. The roof would be raised, the gases "bubbling up" along with melted lava, puncture the plastic roof, the gases escaping, not through a central cone, but all around the edges, and the central roof would crash down to the floor of the shallow chamber. But minus water to cover and compress the roof into a sedimentary rock layer. Another chamber directly BENEATH the collapsed chamber would still be receiving more volumes of deeper gases and its roof too would be raised, but now meeting greater resistance, above from the combined floor and fallen roof of the first shallow chamber. The lower roof would be raised but not enough to puncture through the compacted rock layers above. A relatively small dimple cone, a small "mountain" cone, might be pushed up inside the initial upper crater as Dean observed some have been upthrust.
The absence of large volumes of moon water (there must be some under the surface) would leave the many relatively shallow, ROUND, blown-out craters pretty much as they existed just after they collapsed. Without vast quantities of water on the surface to alter the rocks and produce sedimentary layers, only atmospheric erosion would wear down the rocks. If some are correct, the moon does have some atmosphere and some erosion may have taken place. The Rilles, it seems to be could be early "gas belts" like on earth, finding it difficult to puncture the harder surface rocks above, moving along deeply but raising the rocks above into a rudimentary form of minor "mountain ridges" as they searched for an ancient volcanic crater to escape through.
Anyway the above is my hypothetical "alternative" possibility for moon Craters and Rilles to add your your space wars scenario. The IMPACT crater theory is implausible.
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List Members,
At the bottom left of this image is the Lunar crater Mercator, and just above it to the left is Camanus. Just above Campnaus, running at a slant, is a lunar rille ( ravine, kind of ).
http://www.lpi.usra.edu/research/lunar_orbiter/img/4-132H1.jpghttp: //www.lpi.usra.edu/research/lunar_orbiter/img/4-132H1.jpg
I would like to point out that the rille runs through three craters, the third one being in the bottom left of the picture where it merges with another crater. It is very unlikely that this happened by chance. If the rille were a dry river bed left over from previous epochs, then how did those craters hit it like that? Three of them along that rille.
And the rille runs over a mountanous area in the bottom left of the pic. If it were an ancient river bed, then how did it run through a mountain? Rivers usually flow down one side of a mountain, they don't pass right over it and keep on going.
I think that the attached explanation by Joseph H. Cater explains both the formation of the craters and the rilles themselves, rather well. The rilles are coming in from the plain and cutting through the mountains. A beam directed along the lunar floor, which draws in electrons from the sides and explodes matter outwards, could have opened up the rille as it went along, something like that.
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