There's a ton to unpack here guys... I happened across an interesting looking map in the Library of Congress, noted to be "Manuṣyaloka, map of the world of man, according to Jain cosomological [(sic)] traditions":
(JPEG2000 Archive: service-gmd-gmd9-g9930-g9930-ct001173.jp2)
Have we discussed this before?
It sure is fascinating and has many ramifications...
I don't necessarily subscribe to the idea that the center is Mount Meru unless this is indicating the central sun where Jehovah's throne is (as per The Smokey God, see near end of Part 3 - "In reality, the people 'within' believe that 'The Smoky God' is the throne of their Jehovah, and is stationary. The effect of night and day is, therefore, produced by the earth's daily rotation.")
Notice this article:
https://www.wisdomlib.org/definition/manushyaloka
Manushyaloka means something in Buddhism, Pali, Hinduism, Sanskrit, Jainism, Prakrit, Marathi...
In Jainism
General definition (in Jainism)
[«previous (M) next»] — Manushyaloka in Jainism glossary
Source: Shodhganga: A cultural study on the jain western Indian illustrated manuscripts
Manuṣyaloka (मनुष्यलोक).—The world of men ( manuṣya-loka ) consists of two and a half continents’ ( ādhai-dvīpa ) which it occupies.
Source: Encyclopedia of Jainism: Tattvartha Sutra 3: The Lower and middle worlds
Manuṣyaloka (मनुष्यलोक) refers to the region where human beings can exist.—The human beings are found in Two-and-half continents ( dhāi-dvīpa ) only. This whole region is called Manuṣyaloka (the region where human beings can exist). Which are the Two-and-half continents and the two oceans? Jambūdvīpa, Dhātakī and Puṣkarārdha constitute Two-and-half continents. Kālodadhi and Lavaṇa are the two oceans.
context information
Jainism is an Indian religion of Dharma whose doctrine revolves around harmlessness ( ahimsa ) towards every living being. The two major branches (Digambara and Svetambara) of Jainism stimulate self-control (or, shramana , ‘self-reliance’) and spiritual development through a path of peace for the soul to progess to the ultimate goal.
Discover the meaning of manushyaloka or manusyaloka in the context of General definition from relevant books on Exotic India
In Hinduism
Kosha (encyclopedic lexicons)
[«previous (M) next»] — Manushyaloka in Kosha glossary
Source: Google Books: Kalātattvakośa, volume 2
Manuṣyaloka (मनुष्यलोक):—The only world where human beings are born. It is represented as the Jambūdvīpa, with the salt ocean and other continents and oceans, with long chains of mountains, great rivers flowing from the peaks and Mount Meru in the centre.
context information
Kosha (कोश, kośa) refers to Sanskrit lexicons intended to provide additional information regarding technical terms used in religion, philosophy and the various sciences ( shastra ). The oldest extant thesaurus ( kosha ) dates to the 4th century AD.
Discover the meaning of manushyaloka or manusyaloka in the context of Kosha from relevant books on Exotic India
Vaishnavism (Vaishava dharma)
[«previous (M) next»] — Manushyaloka in Vaishnavism glossary
Source: Pure Bhakti: Bhagavad-gita (4th edition)
Manuṣyaloka (मनुष्यलोक) refers to “middle planetary systems, specifically this earth planet”. ( cf . Glossary page from Śrīmad-Bhagavad-Gītā).
context information
Vaishnava (वैष्णव, vaiṣṇava) or vaishnavism (vaiṣṇavism) represents a tradition of Hinduism worshipping Vishnu as the supreme Lord. Similar to the Shaktism and Shaivism traditions, Vaishnavism also developed as an individual movement, famous for its exposition of the dashavatara (‘ten avatars of Vishnu’).
Discover the meaning of manushyaloka or manusyaloka in the context of Vaishnavism from relevant books on Exotic India
In Buddhism
General definition (in Buddhism)
[«previous (M) next»] — Manushyaloka in Buddhism glossary
Source: WikiPedia: Buddhism
Manuṣyaloka — This is the world of humans and human-like beings who live on the surface of the earth. The mountain-rings that engird Sumeru are surrounded by a vast ocean, which fills most of the world. The ocean is in turn surrounded by a circular mountain wall called Cakravāḍa (Pāli: Cakkavāḷa) which marks the horizontal limit of the world. In this ocean there are four continents which are, relatively speaking, small islands in it. Because of the immenseness of the ocean, they cannot be reached from each other by ordinary sailing vessels, although in the past, when the cakravartin kings ruled, communication between the continents was possible by means of the treasure called the cakraratna (Pāli cakkaratana), which a cakravartin and his retinue could use to fly through the air between the continents.
The four continents are:
- Jambudvīpa or Jambudīpa (located in the south)
- Pūrvavideha or Pubbavideha (located in the east).
- Aparagodānīya or Aparagoyāna (located in the west)
- Uttarakuru (located in the north)
Languages of India and abroad
Marathi-English dictionary
[«previous (M) next»] — Manushyaloka in Marathi glossary
Source: DDSA: The Molesworth Marathi and English Dictionary
manuṣyalōka (मनुष्यलोक).—m (S) The world of man, the earth.
Source: DDSA: The Aryabhusan school dictionary, Marathi-English
manuṣyalōka (मनुष्यलोक).— m The world of man, the earth.
context information
Marathi is an Indo-European language having over 70 million native speakers people in (predominantly) Maharashtra India. Marathi, like many other Indo-Aryan languages, evolved from early forms of Prakrit, which itself is a subset of Sanskrit, one of the most ancient languages of the world.
Discover the meaning of manushyaloka or manusyaloka in the context of Marathi from relevant books on Exotic India
Sanskrit-English dictionary
[«previous (M) next»] — Manushyaloka in Sanskrit glossary
Source: DDSA: The practical Sanskrit-English dictionary
Manuṣyaloka (मनुष्यलोक).—the world of mortals, the earth.
Derivable forms: manuṣyalokaḥ (मनुष्यलोकः).
Manuṣyaloka is a Sanskrit compound consisting of the terms manuṣya and loka (लोक).
Source: Cologne Digital Sanskrit Dictionaries: Monier-Williams Sanskrit-English Dictionary
Manuṣyaloka (मनुष्यलोक):—[= manuṣya-loka ] [from manuṣya > man ] m. the world of men, [Vājasaneyi-saṃhitā; Śatapatha-brāhmaṇa etc.]
context information
Sanskrit, also spelled संस्कृतम् ( saṃskṛtam ), is an ancient language of India commonly seen as the grandmother of the Indo-European language family. Closely allied with Prakrit and Pali, Sanskrit is more exhaustive in both grammar and terms and has the most extensive collection of literature in the world, greatly surpassing its sister-languages Greek and Latin.
Discover the meaning of manushyaloka or manusyaloka in the context of Sanskrit from relevant books on Exotic India
@Soretna , my mind is racing to think why a copy of this Jain map is even there in the Library of Congress of the U.S. ?? Unless of course , it held deep significance for those who decided that a copy of the same should exist in the Library of Congress !
Amongst the 4 religions that arose in India - Hinduism , Buddhism , Sikhism and Jainism , Jainism has the least following in the present times .
However , Jainism is probably as old as Hinduism and existed long , long before the Buddha and Buddhism . In terms of belief systems , it is quite similar to Hinduism , though a LOT less ritualistic and demands extremely austere lifestyle of it's followers . There is great emphasis on self-denial and an obsession with vegetarianism .
Most people think Hinduism started vegetarianism , but actually vegetarianism in India is largely a Jain influence which many Hindus have adopted .
This map of "manushyaloka" is again an excellent artefact for our Hollow Earth theory , on par with the Buddhist and Hindu depictions of the same - this belief is deeply engrained amongst all these religions , though in modern times , a vast majority of Indians are completely oblivious to the Hollow Planet interpretation of such images .
Quite often , you will find such colourful patterns , called as "Rangoli" painted in front of houses in India , on festivals etc. The people who innocently made them though , would have NOT the slightest inkling of it's significance or implications :))
***There is one other thing about Jains , that probably everyone should know about...for thousands of years , the most austere members of the Jain community , have worn face masks (yes , you heard that right) , to prevent even microscopic organisms in the air , from entering their mouth and getting killed - thus violating their lifelong oath of vegetarianism . By the way , their face masks back then had nothing to do with Coronavirus of course , but I must say , they were pretty enlightened right from ancient times, to follow such "absurd" precautions & practices !
Regards
Folks , further to my post above , you may find it relevant to explore further (only for those really interested !) , the concept of the "Cosmic Egg of creation" , that I believe holds the SECRET KEY to the shapes of all stars and planets :-
Cosmic Egg
Creation stories abound in all cultural and religious traditions, worldwide. Hinduism is rich in the mythology of beginnings, and stories range from the philosophical to the material. One of the earliest stories of how the universe came into being is found in the Rig Veda.
The Hiranyagarbha Sukta in the Rig Veda, the Vayu Purana, Bhagavata Purana and Brahmanda Purana mention the golden womb, the Hiranyagarbha or Brahmanda, the Cosmic Egg - that is sometimes interpreted as the golden foetus or embryo - that, floating in a dark void, contracted and gave birth to the universe and all that's part of it - containing both male and female principles in union.
A verse in the Atharva Veda describes the beginning thus: "In the beginning was Hiranyagarbha, The seed of elemental existence, The only Lord of all that was born, He upheld the heaven and earth together, To what God other than Him, could we dedicate our life?"
The Hiranyagarbha is also equated with the life-giving Sun, an important agent of generation. In this context the Sun is referred to as the soul or Atman of all Creation, the Lord of all that moves and stands. As the Lord of all created beings, the Sun or Savitr is also called Prajapati.
Creation has been described as Existence or 'Sat' and it is born of Non-existence or 'Asat' , possibly the dark void in which the Hiranyagarbha floated before releasing the Universe.
A verse in the Rig Veda describes the concept thus: "In the beginning, there was neither nought nor aught Then there was neither sky nor atmosphere above. What then enshrouded all this universe? In the receptacle of what was it contained? Then there was neither death nor immortality, Then there was neither day, nor night, nor light, nor darkness. Only the Existent One breathed calmly, self-contained ."
Once the golden womb yielded to the Creation process, heat or energy was generated. Molecules formed, and they interplayed with atoms and elements, giving rise to more heat in the form of self-luminous vapour.
Prajapati symbolised creative radiance, and then there was light where earlier, only darkness prevailed.
The Rig Veda says: "In the beginning there was darkness, Intensified darkness, indistinguishable darkness, All the visible world was reduced to its primordial nature. This primordial world, enveloped by the All-pervading power of One Before whom the world of matter is a trifle became One (that is, came into existence) Through the force of His intense activity and spiritual fervour."
From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
Jacob Bryant's Orphic Egg (1774)
The world egg , cosmic egg or mundane egg is a mythological motif found in the cosmogonies of many cultures that descends from the proto-Indo-European culture[1] and other cultures and civilizations. Typically, the world egg is a beginning of some sort, and the universe or some primordial being comes into existence by "hatching" from the egg, sometimes lain on the primordial waters of the Earth.[2][3]
Eggs symbolize the unification of two complementary principles (represented by the egg white and the yolk) from that life or existence, in its most fundamental philosophical sense, emerges.
Vivasvan, Rahu, Bhūmi, Naraka, Ananta, Garbhodaksayi Vishnu
This is one of many material universes, Brahmandas, which expand from Mahavishnu when He breathes.
The earliest idea of "egg-shaped cosmos" comes from some of the Sanskrit scriptures. The Sanskrit term for it is Brahmanda (ब्रह्माण्ड) which is derived from two words - 'Brahma' (ब्रह्मा) the creator god in Hinduism and 'anda' (अण्ड) meaning 'egg'. Certain Puranas such as the Brahmanda Purana speak of this in detail.
The Rig Veda (RV 10.121) uses a similar name for the source of the universe: Hiranyagarbha (हिरण्यगर्भ) which literally means "golden fetus" or "golden womb" and is associated with the universal source Brahman where the whole of all existence is believed to be supported.[4][5] The Upanishads elaborate that the Hiranyagarbha floated around in emptiness for a while, and then broke into two halves which formed Dyaus (Heaven) and Prithvi (Earth). The Rig Veda has a similar coded description of the division of the universe in its early stages.
According to Zoroastrian cosmology, the period of (material) creation, also to last 3,000 years, began after the treaty, when Ohrmazd recited the Ahunwar (Av. Ahuna Vairiia) prayer, revealing to Ahriman his ultimate defeat and causing him to fall back into the darkness in a stupor, which lasted for the entire period of the creation. During this time Ohrmazd fashioned his creations in material ( gētīg ) form, by celebrating a “spiritual yasna ”. He placed each creation under the protection of one of the seven Amahraspands (Av. Aməša Spənta). First he created the sky (protected by Šahrewar, Av. Xšaθra Vairiia), which enclosed the world like the shell of an egg. The second creation was water (protected by Hordād, Av. Haurvatāt), which filled the lower half of the “egg.” The third creation, earth (protected by Spandārmad, Av. Spənta Ārmaiti), shaped like a flat disk, floated on the primeval waters. On it stood the fourth, fifth, and sixth creations, respectively the single plant or tree (protected by Amurdād; Av. Amərətāt), the uniquely created bull (protected by Wahman, Av. Vohu Manah), and the first man, Gayōmard (Av. Gaiiō.marətan, protected by Ohrmazd himself). The seventh creation, fire (protected by Ardwahišt; Av. Aṧa Vahišta), was said to have permeated all other creations. During the 3,000 years of the period of material creation these creations were motionless, and the sun stood still in the middle of the sky.[6]
The Orphic Egg in the ancient Greek Orphic tradition is the cosmic egg from which hatched the primordial hermaphroditic deity Phanes/Protogonus (variously equated also with Zeus, Pan, Metis, Eros, Erikepaios and Bromius) who in turn created the other gods.[7] The egg is often depicted with a serpent wound around it.
Many threads of earlier myths are apparent in the new tradition. Phanes was believed to have been hatched from the World-Egg of Chronos (Time) and Ananke (Necessity) or Nyx (Night). His older wife Nyx called him Protogenus. As she created nighttime, he created daytime. He also created the method of creation by mingling. He was made the ruler of the deities and passed the sceptre to Nyx. This new Orphic tradition states that Nyx later gave the sceptre to her son Uranos before it passed to Cronus and then to Zeus, who retained it. Today the modern albanians as the old albanians in the times of illyria wear the plis , pileus ,pileo , that looks like the phanes egg (nanes , in albanian ) the mother egg , the albanian traditional plis was used also by ptholomeo, noè and by other intelligent persons , the name noe , noj , nduj , is still used in albania in modern days
The ancient Egyptians accepted multiple creation myths as valid, including those of the Hermopolitan, Heliopolitan, and Memphite theologies. Under the Hermopolitan theology, there is the Ogdoad, which represents the conditions before the gods were created (Van Dijk, 1995). An aspect within the Ogdoad is the Cosmic Egg, from which all things are born. Life comes from the Cosmic Egg; the sun god Ra was born from the primordial egg in a stage known as the first occasion (Dunand, 2004).
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A philosophical creation story traced to "the cosmogony of Taautus , whom Philo of Byblos explicitly identified with the Egyptian Thoth—"the first who thought of the invention of letters, and began the writing of records"— which begins with Erebus and Wind, between which Eros 'Desire' came to be. From this was produced Môt which seems to be the Phoenician/Ge'ez/Hebrew/Arabic/Ancient Egyptian word for 'Death' but which the account says may mean 'mud'. In a mixed confusion, the germs of life appear, and intelligent animals called Zophasemin (explained probably correctly as 'observers of heaven') formed together as an egg, perhaps. The account is not clear. Then Môt burst forth into light and the heavens were created and the various elements found their stations.
Following the etymological line of Jacob Bryant one might also consider with regard to the meaning of Môt , that according to the Ancient Egyptians Ma'at was the personification of the fundamental order of the universe, without which all of creation would perish. She was also considered the wife of Thoth.
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In the myth of Pangu, developed by Taoist monks hundreds of years after Lao Zi, the universe began as an egg that symbolizes the primordial state of Taiji. A primeval hermaphroditic giant named Pangu, born inside the egg, broke it into two halves: the upper half became the sky, while the lower half became the earth. As the god grew taller, the sky and the earth grew thicker and were separated further. Finally Pangu died and his body parts became different parts of the earth.
The statue Ilmatar and Sotka by Aarre Aaltonen [fi] in Helsinki
In the Kalevala , the Finnish national epic, there is a myth of the world being created from the fragments of an egg laid by a goldeneye on the knee of Ilmatar, goddess of the air:
One egg's lower half transformed
And became the earth below,
And its upper half transmuted
And became the sky above;
From the yolk the sun was made,
Light of day to shine upon us;
From the white the moon was formed,
Light of night to gleam above us;
All the colored brighter bits
Rose to be the stars of heaven
And the darker crumbs changed into
Clouds and cloudlets in the sky.
In many original folk poems, the duck - or sometimes an eagle - laid its eggs on the knee of Väinämöinen.[8]
In Cook Islands mythology, deep within Avaiki (the Underworld), a place described as resembling a vast hollow coconut shell, there dwelt in the deepest depths, the primordial mother goddess, Varima-te-takere. Her domain was described as being so narrow, that her knees touched her chin. It was from this place that she created the first man, Avatea, a god of light, a hybrid being half man and half fish. He was sent to the Upperworld to shine light in the land of men, and his eyes were believed to be the sun and the moon.[9]
In Samoan and Tahitian mythology, all existence began inside an egg-like shell called Rumia. The first being to exist within Rumia was Tangaloa. Tangaloa instigated the creation of many aspects of reality, the atea/lagi heavens, the papa earth, and additional living creatures (the atua / gods) tightly compressed within the shell. The new creatures eventually worked to release the shell and pushed the heavens and earth apart, resulting in the universe as we know it.
" In the beginning, Amma, alone, was in the shape of an egg: the four collar bones were fused, dividing the egg into air, earth, fire, and water, establishing also the four cardinal directions. Within this cosmic egg was the material and the structure of the universe, and the 266 signs that embraced the essence of all things. The first creation of the world by Amma was, however, a failure. The second creation began when Amma planted a seed within herself, a seed that resulted in the shape of man. But in the process of its gestation, there was a flaw, meaning that the universe would now have within it the possibilities for incompleteness. Now the egg became two placentas, each containing a set of twins, male and female. After sixty years, one of the males, Ogo, broke out of the placenta and attempted to create his own universe, in opposition to that being created by Amma. But he was unable to say the words that would bring such a universe into being. He then descended, as Amma transformed into the earth the fragment of placenta that went with Ogo into the void. Ogo interfered with the creative potential of the earth by having incestuous relations with it. His counterpart, Nommo, a participant in the revolt, was then killed by Amma, the parts of his body cast in all directions, bringing a sense of order to the world. When, five days later, Amma brought the pieces of Nommo's body together, restoring him to life, Nommo became ruler of the universe. He created four spirits, the ancestors of the [Dogon people] .(https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dogon_people); Amma sent Nommo and the spirits to earth in an ark, and so the earth was restored. Along the way, Nommo uttered the words of Amma, and the sacred words that create were made available to humans. In the meantime, Ogo was transformed by Amma into Yuguru, the Pale Fox, who would always be alone, always be incomplete, eternally in revolt, ever wandering the earth seeking his female soul. " [10]
In 1955 poet and writer Robert Graves published the mythography The Greek Myths , a compendium of Greek mythology normally published in two volumes. Within this work Graves' imaginatively reconstructed "Pelasgian creation myth" features a supreme creatrix, Eurynome, "The Goddess of All Things",[12] who arose naked from Chaos to part sea from sky so that she could dance upon the waves. Catching the north wind at her back and, rubbing it between her hands, she warms the pneuma and spontaneously generates the serpent Ophion, who mates with her. In the form of a dove upon the waves, she lays the Cosmic Egg and bids Ophion to incubate it by coiling seven times around until it splits in two and hatches "all things that exist... sun, moon, planets, stars, the earth with its mountains and rivers, its trees, herbs, and living creatures".[12] [13]
The concept was resurrected by modern science in the 1930s and explored by theoreticians during the following two decades. The idea comes from a perceived need to reconcile Edwin Hubble's observation of an expanding universe (which was also predicted from Einstein's equations of general relativity by Alexander Friedmann) with the notion that the universe must be eternally old. Current cosmological models maintain that 13.8 billion years ago, the entire mass of the universe was compressed into a gravitational singularity, the so-called cosmic egg, from which it expanded to its current state (following the Big Bang or Big Bounce).
Georges Lemaître proposed in 1927 that the cosmos originated from what he called the primeval atom .
In the late 1940s, George Gamow's assistant cosmological researcher Ralph Alpher, proposed the name ylem for the primordial substance that existed between the Big Crunch of the previous universe and the Big Bang of our own universe.[14] Ylem is closely related to the concept of supersymmetry. [15]
Regards
Folks , they say "A picture is worth a thousand words" , so here are some more compelling images from Jain Cosmology - notice the Hollow Earth symbolism cutting across most of these illustrations . Incidentally , Jain philosophy is the original concept of "non-violence" in human society . Mahatma Gandhi , while himself a Hindu , had been deeply influenced by both the Jain philosophies of vegetarianism and non-violence...
While gazing carefully at these images , you will notice all of the following ancient ideas :-
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Regards
