List members ,
Thermal images of the polar regions from both Jupiter (sent by Juno probe) and Saturn (sent by Cassini probe) clearly reveal a heat source deep within the planet which emanates from the poles...Venue , Uranus and Neptune show similar characteristics at their Polar regions . Each of these planets , has spectacular auroras at their Poles too , just like our Earth ! Since all these planets are part of the same Solar system , the same rules of physics must apply to all...
In the continuing quest for a working scientific model of hollow earth , the above states a very important fact - if all planets (including Earth) are hollow , then it means there is always some heat emanating from the Polar openings . This heat is seen to fuel tremendous vortexes and planetwide storms on both Jupiter and Saturn . We have heard of similar "Foehn winds" or warm winds from the interior of the Earth in it's polar regions too...
Therefore , if the heat emanating from the Polar regions of Jupiter and Saturn can be such a big factor in the atmospheric circulation (wind patterns & cyclones) and climate of those 2 planets , then certainly something similar could be going on , on our Earth too ???
**In all the climate models of mainstream science that I have read about , there is NO mention of heat in the form of warm winds emanating from the Polar regions of Earth . It's assumed as a default that the Polar regions are deep freeze zones with no heat source .Could this be the reason why weather forecasters till today continue to be surprised by certain types of storms or cyclones that strike apparently "without warning" which their supercomputers too couldn't predict ? Actually it's not a fault of those supercomputers - real issue is that the climate models fed into those supercomputers missed out on the input of heat at the Poles from the Polar openings !!
The Source of Heat from Within Saturn
The energy that Jupiter and Saturn make has been found be very high. There are several ways in which astronomical objects make energy from inside. The first is by thermonuclear fusion, the way a star makes energy. Another method is by radioactive material within the ground, the way a planet makes energy.For the giant planets, the method which seems to be at work is the mere fact that energy is given off from when a planet is in the process of shrinking together, or collapsing on itself.The fact that Saturn is still collapsing together indicates that the process of planet formation is still going on. This process is providing the heat from within which causes the unusual motions in the atmosphere.
Nasa unveils first pictures of Jupiter's poles: 'It's like nothing we've seen beforeAn infrared image of JupiterCredit:Nasa/AP
Patrick Sawer,Senior Reporter
3 September 2016 • 5:46pmWith a mass of violently rotating storms swirling around its two poles the majestic greatness of the solar system’s largest planet appears, in the words of once scientist, “like nothing we’ve ever seen before”.The storms – similar to Earth’s hurricanes – were captured twisting clockwise and anti-clockwise in these first ever dramatic images of Jupiter's north pole and its southern aurora, taken during the Juno spacecraft's first orbital flyby of the gaseous planetJuno beamed back the images after coming within 2,500 miles of Jupiter on August 27, during a six-hour transit from the north pole to the south. Paid content
A league of butter fingers? Cricinfo
Latest Million Dollar Celebrity Homes For Sale Today Mansion Global
Recommended by Juno records radio signals from Jupiter's intense auroras00:43"It looks like nothing we have seen or imagined before," said Scott Bolton, principal investigator on the Juno project, from the Southwest Research Institute in San Antonio. "The largest planet in our solar system is truly unique. We have 36 more flybys to study just how unique it really is."Scientists are now poring over the high-definition images, taken by the spacecraft’s on-board "JunoCam" in an effort to discover more of the planet’s secrets.Alberto Adriani, of the Istituto di Astrofisica e Planetologia Spaziali in Rome, one of the researchers who developed the Jovian Infrared Auroral Mapper (JIRAM) that allowed scientists to acquire the images, said: “These first infrared views of Jupiter's north and south poles are revealing warm and hot spots that have never been seen before."While we knew that the first-ever infrared views of Jupiter's south pole could reveal the planet's southern aurora, we were amazed to see it for the first time.”Auroras are streamers of light in the sky caused by energy from the sun and electrically charged particles trapped in the magnetic field.
Jupiter's north polar region.Credit:Nasa/APAn intriguing result of the Juno mission was its capturing of what NASA described as "ghostly sounding transmissions emanating from the planet”.Scientists have known about Jupiter's radio emissions since the 1950s, but had never analysed them from such a close distance."Jupiter is talking to us in a way only gas-giant worlds can," said Bill Kurth, co-investigator, from the University of Iowa.Dr Jonathan Nichols, a Juno mission scientist from the University of Leicester, said: "We're hearing the sounds of the magnetic field from Jupiter vibrating like strings on a guitar. When they get disturbed they ring and that's the sound that we're hearing. It's been changed from radio waves into audio and it makes that great sound."If you were going to make up a sound that sounds like space, then that's it."Dr Nichols said Juno is the first spacecraft to go in to a "polar orbit", and is therefore the first spacecraft to get a view down onto the poles of Jupiter.He added: "Jupiter is crazy. It's the biggest, baddest, most dangerous place in the solar system. It's really radioactive."
Juno's journey
Juno's main mission began in July and is scheduled to end in February 2018, when the probe will self-destruct by diving into the planet's atmosphere.The $1.1 billion project aims to learn more about Jupiter's atmosphere, by looking beneath the clouds around the planet for the first time.Scientists want to establish how much water the planet contains, as the data would provide significant clues to when and how the planet formed.Juno, the first spacecraft to carry a titanium vault designed to shield its computer and electronics from intense radiation, will also probe how the planet's intense magnetic field is generated, and examine the formation of auroras.Jupiter's south pole Credit:NASA /AFP
Studying Jupiter may reveal further clues as to how Earth and the rest of the planets formed. "It's important because Jupiter tells us the story of the solar system. It tells us the story of the formation of the solar system and therefore us,” Dr Nichols told the BBC."So first the sun formed four and a half billion years ago, and then what was left over Jupiter formed, and then what was left over from that we formed. So we're the leftovers of the leftovers if you will.”Five fascinating facts about Jupiter01:41
Thermal Images of Uranus South Pole !
Thermal imaging of Uranus South Pole - Google Search
|
|
|
| | |
|
|
|
| |
Thermal imaging of Uranus South Pole - Google Search
| |
|
|
A Warm South Pole? Yes, On Neptune!
Date:
September 20, 2007
Source:
ESO
Summary:
Astronomers using ESO's Very Large Telescope has discovered that the south pole of Neptune is much hotter than the rest of the planet. This is consistent with the fact that it is late southern summer and this region has been in sunlight for about 40 years.
Share:
-
FULL STORY Thermal images of planet Neptune taken with VISIR on ESO's Very Large Telescope, obtained on 1 and 2 September 2006. These thermal images show a 'hot' south pole on Neptune. These warmer temperatures provide an avenue for methane to escape out of the deep atmosphere. Scientists say Neptune's south pole is 'hotter' than anywhere else on the planet by about 10 degrees Celsius. The average temperature on Neptune is about minus 200 degrees Celsius. The upper left image samples temperatures near the top of Neptune's troposphere (near 100 mbar pressure). The hottest temperatures are located at the lower part of the image at Neptune's south pole (see the graphic at the upper right). The lower two images, taken 6.3 hours apart, sample temperatures at higher altitudes in Neptune's stratosphere. They do show generally warmer temperatures near, but not at, the south pole. In addition they show a warm area which can be seen in the lower left image and rotated completely around the planet in the lower right image. Credit: VLT/ESO/NASA/JPL/Paris Observatory An international team of astronomers using ESO's Very Large Telescope has discovered that the south pole of Neptune is much hotter than the rest of the planet. This is consistent with the fact that it is late southern summer and this region has been in sunlight for about 40 years. The scientists are publishing the first temperature maps of the lowest portion of Neptune's atmosphere, showing that this warm south pole is providing an avenue for methane to escape out of the deep atmosphere. "The temperatures are so high that methane gas, which should be frozen out in the upper part of Neptune's atmosphere (the stratosphere), can leak out through this region," said Glenn Orton, lead author of the paper reporting the results. "This solves a long-standing problem of identifying the source of Neptune's high stratospheric methane abundances." The temperature at the south pole is higher than anywhere else on the planet by about 10 degrees Celsius. The average temperature on Neptune is about minus 200 degrees Celsius. Neptune, the farthest planet of our solar system, is located about 30 times farther away from the Sun than Earth is. Only about 1/900th as much sunlight reaches Neptune as our planet. Yet, the small amount of sunlight it receives significantly affects the planet's atmosphere. The astronomers found that these temperature variations are consistent with seasonal changes. A Neptunian year lasts about 165 Earth years. It has been summer in the south pole of Neptune for about 40 years now, and they predict that as winter turns to summer in the north pole, an abundance of methane will leak out of a warm north pole in about 80 years. "Neptune's south pole is currently tilted toward the Sun, just like the Earth's south pole is tilted toward the Sun during summer in the Southern Hemisphere," explains Orton. "But on Neptune the antarctic summer lasts 40 years instead of a few months, and a lot of solar energy input during that time can make big temperature differences between the regions in continual sunlight and those with day-night variations." "Neptune has the strongest winds of any planet in the Solar System; sometimes, the wind blows there at more than 2000 kilometres per hour. It is certainly not the place you would like to go on a holiday," he adds. The new observations also reveal mysterious high-latitude 'hot spots' in the stratosphere that have no immediate analogue in other planetary atmospheres. The astronomers think that these hot spots are generated by upwelling gas from much deeper in the atmosphere. Methane is not the primary constituent of Neptune's atmosphere, which, as a giant planet, is mostly composed of the light gases, hydrogen and helium. But it is the methane in Neptune's upper atmosphere that absorbs the red light from the Sun and reflects the blue light back into space, making Neptune appear blue. The new results were obtained with the mid-infrared camera/spectrometer VISIR on ESO's VLT 8.2-m Unit Telescope 3 (Melipal). Reference: "Evidence for Methane Escape and Strong Seasonal and Dynamical Perturbations of Neptune's Atmospheric Temperatures", by Glenn S. Orton et al., is published by the research journal Astronomy and Astrophysics. The team of astronomers includes Glenn S. Orton, Cédric Leyrat, and A. James Friedson (Jet Propulsion Laboratory, California Institute of Technology, USA), Thérèse Encrenaz (LESIA, Observatoire de Paris, France), and Richard Puetter (Center for Astrophysics & Space Sciences, University of California, USA).
A Swirling Vortex at Venus' South Pole - Universe Today
|
|
|
| | |
|
|
|
| |
A Swirling Vortex at Venus' South Pole - Universe Today
Space and Astronomy news | |
|
|
A Swirling Vortex at Venus’ South Pole
Article Updated: 23 Dec , 2015 ADDRESS:
by Nancy Atkinson
Here’s the latest view of the mass of swirling gas and clouds at Venus’ south pole. The Venus Express’s Visible and Infrared Thermal Imaging Spectrometer (VIRTIS) has been keeping an eye on this polar vortex since the spacecraft arrived and discovered this huge storm in 2006. During the mission, VIRTIS has seen the vortex constantly transform, morphing from a double vortex into a squashed shape and into the eye-like structure seen here.
This image was taken in April 2007 but was just released this week.Venus has a very choppy and fast-moving atmosphere, even though wind speeds are much slower at the planet’s surface. At the cloud tops about 70 km above the surface, winds can reach 400 km/h. At this altitude, Venus’ atmosphere spins about 60 times faster than the planet itself. Compared to Earth, this is a dizzying speed: even Earth’s fastest winds move at most about 30% of our planet’s rotation speed.These polar vortices form when heated air from equatorial latitudes rises and spirals towards the poles, carried by the fast winds. As the air converges on the pole and then sinks.High velocity winds spin westwards around the planet, and take just four days to complete a rotation. This ‘super-rotation’, combined with the natural recycling of hot air in the atmosphere, would induce the formation of a vortex structure over each pole.A video of the vortex, made from 10 images taken over a period of five hours, can be seen here. The vortex rotates with a period of around 44 hours.Source: ESA
Share this:
Not to be argumentative, but the inner sun could be electrical, it doesn't have to be nuclear. There are problems with the nuclear idea. Things would eventually heat up inside, the radiation would build up, and how would the heat be regulated?
An electrical sun would depend on particles from The Sun as its source, of which there are a regular stream.
I just ask that you keep an open mind.
Siddharta,
Nice post. The image of Jupiter's North Pole shows a sheer drop all along the inside of the rim. That suggests that we are looking at an opening into the planet.
Dean
The TRUTH is simpy this: Inside MOST planets, is a NUCLEAR SUN, the Inner Sun. That is where the heat is coming from; the 'Tropical Environment', within, with it MASSIVE Flora & Fauna. Thank You.
Let My Thoughts, Words and Deeds Bring Good And Fortune; To My_Self, My Environment And To Other Beings,. Thank You, my God.
Studying Jupiter may reveal further clues as to how Earth and the rest of the planets formed.
"It's important because Jupiter tells us the story of the solar system. It tells us the story of the formation of the solar system and therefore us,” Dr Nichols told the BBC.
"So first the sun formed four and a half billion years ago, and then what was left over Jupiter formed, and then what was left over from that we formed. So we're the leftovers of the leftovers if you will.”
Five fascinating facts about Jupiter 01:41
Thermal Images of Uranus South Pole !
Thermal imaging of Uranus South Pole - Google Search Google Search
Thermal imaging of Uranus South Pole - Google Search Google Search
A Warm South Pole? Yes, On Neptune! Date: September 20, 2007 Source: ESO Summary: Astronomers using ESO's Very Large Telescope has discovered that the south pole of Neptune is much hotter than the rest of the planet. This is consistent with the fact that it is late southern summer and this region has been in sunlight for about 40 years. Share:
FULL STORY
Thermal images of planet Neptune taken with VISIR on ESO's Very Large Telescope, obtained on 1 and 2 September 2006. These thermal images show a 'hot' south pole on Neptune. These warmer temperatures provide an avenue for methane to escape out of the deep atmosphere. Scientists say Neptune's south pole is 'hotter' than anywhere else on the planet by about 10 degrees Celsius. The average temperature on Neptune is about minus 200 degrees Celsius. The upper left image samples temperatures near the top of Neptune's troposphere (near 100 mbar pressure). The hottest temperatures are located at the lower part of the image at Neptune's south pole (see the graphic at the upper right). The lower two images, taken 6.3 hours apart, sample temperatures at higher altitudes in Neptune's stratosphere. They do show generally warmer temperatures near, but not at, the south pole. In addition they show a warm area which can be seen in the lower left image and rotated completely around the planet in the lower right image.
Credit: VLT/ESO/NASA/JPL/Paris Observatory
An international team of astronomers using ESO's Very Large Telescope has discovered that the south pole of Neptune is much hotter than the rest of the planet. This is consistent with the fact that it is late southern summer and this region has been in sunlight for about 40 years.
The scientists are publishing the first temperature maps of the lowest portion of Neptune's atmosphere, showing that this warm south pole is providing an avenue for methane to escape out of the deep atmosphere.
"The temperatures are so high that methane gas, which should be frozen out in the upper part of Neptune's atmosphere (the stratosphere), can leak out through this region," said Glenn Orton, lead author of the paper reporting the results. "This solves a long-standing problem of identifying the source of Neptune's high stratospheric methane abundances."
The temperature at the south pole is higher than anywhere else on the planet by about 10 degrees Celsius. The average temperature on Neptune is about minus 200 degrees Celsius.
Neptune, the farthest planet of our solar system, is located about 30 times farther away from the Sun than Earth is. Only about 1/900th as much sunlight reaches Neptune as our planet. Yet, the small amount of sunlight it receives significantly affects the planet's atmosphere.
The astronomers found that these temperature variations are consistent with seasonal changes. A Neptunian year lasts about 165 Earth years. It has been summer in the south pole of Neptune for about 40 years now, and they predict that as winter turns to summer in the north pole, an abundance of methane will leak out of a warm north pole in about 80 years.
"Neptune's south pole is currently tilted toward the Sun, just like the Earth's south pole is tilted toward the Sun during summer in the Southern Hemisphere," explains Orton. "But on Neptune the antarctic summer lasts 40 years instead of a few months, and a lot of solar energy input during that time can make big temperature differences between the regions in continual sunlight and those with day-night variations."
"Neptune has the strongest winds of any planet in the Solar System; sometimes, the wind blows there at more than 2000 kilometres per hour. It is certainly not the place you would like to go on a holiday," he adds.
The new observations also reveal mysterious high-latitude 'hot spots' in the stratosphere that have no immediate analogue in other planetary atmospheres. The astronomers think that these hot spots are generated by upwelling gas from much deeper in the atmosphere.
Methane is not the primary constituent of Neptune's atmosphere, which, as a giant planet, is mostly composed of the light gases, hydrogen and helium. But it is the methane in Neptune's upper atmosphere that absorbs the red light from the Sun and reflects the blue light back into space, making Neptune appear blue.
The new results were obtained with the mid-infrared camera/spectrometer VISIR on ESO's VLT 8.2-m Unit Telescope 3 (Melipal).
Reference: "Evidence for Methane Escape and Strong Seasonal and Dynamical Perturbations of Neptune's Atmospheric Temperatures", by Glenn S. Orton et al., is published by the research journal Astronomy and Astrophysics.
The team of astronomers includes Glenn S. Orton, Cédric Leyrat, and A. James Friedson (Jet Propulsion Laboratory, California Institute of Technology, USA), Thérèse Encrenaz (LESIA, Observatoire de Paris, France), and Richard Puetter (Center for Astrophysics & Space Sciences, University of California, USA).
Here’s the latest view of the mass of swirling gas and clouds at Venus’ south pole. The Venus Express’s Visible and Infrared Thermal Imaging Spectrometer (VIRTIS) has been keeping an eye on this polar vortex since the spacecraft arrived and discovered this huge storm in 2006. During the mission, VIRTIS has seen the vortex constantly transform, morphing from a double vortex into a squashed shape and into the eye-like structure seen here.
This image was taken in April 2007 but was just released this week.
Venus has a very choppy and fast-moving atmosphere, even though wind speeds are much slower at the planet’s surface. At the cloud tops about 70 km above the surface, winds can reach 400 km/h. At this altitude, Venus’ atmosphere spins about 60 times faster than the planet itself. Compared to Earth, this is a dizzying speed: even Earth’s fastest winds move at most about 30% of our planet’s rotation speed.
These polar vortices form when heated air from equatorial latitudes rises and spirals towards the poles, carried by the fast winds. As the air converges on the pole and then sinks.
High velocity winds spin westwards around the planet, and take just four days to complete a rotation. This ‘super-rotation’, combined with the natural recycling of hot air in the atmosphere, would induce the formation of a vortex structure over each pole.
A video of the vortex, made from 10 images taken over a period of five hours, can be seen here. http://www.esa.int/spaceinimages/Images/2008/03/The_eye_of_the_hurricane The vortex rotates with a period of around 44 hours.
Source: ESA http://www.esa.int/spaceinimages/Images/2015/01/Venus_Express_snaps_swirling_vortex
Share this:
Original subject: NASA - Saturn's North Pole Hot Spot and Hexagon
These images are from NASA itself . The hot spot at the North Pole is very clearly visible from this thermal image - what amazing clarity ! This leaves nothing to doubt :
This image shows the unexpected "hot spot" at Saturn's north pole. Scientists were surprised to find that the north pole, despite being in winter darkness for more than a decade, is home to a hot, cyclonic vortex very similar to that found on Saturn's much sunnier south pole.
Created with data from the Cassini spacecraft's composite infrared spectrometer, this image, centered on the north pole, shows temperatures in Saturn's northern hemisphere near its 100-millibar tropopause, the top of its convective layer.
The false color denotes temperatures from 72 to 84 Kelvin (about 330 to 310 degrees below zero Fahrenheit). Latitudes are displayed from 30 degrees N at the edges to the north pole in the center. The hot pole is clear at the center of the projection. The distinctive polar hexagon is also evident in the initial warm "ring" around the pole between 75 and 80 degrees North latitude.
Although there is a similar hot pole in the southern hemisphere, there is no hexagon and the atmosphere is otherwise much warmer than in the north, having been heated during Saturn's southern summer for over a decade.
The Cassini-Huygens mission is a cooperative project of NASA, the European Space Agency and the Italian Space Agency. The Jet Propulsion Laboratory, a division of the California Institute of Technology in Pasadena, manages the mission for NASA's Science Mission Directorate, Washington, D.C. The Cassini orbiter was designed, developed and assembled at JPL. The composite infrared spectrometer team is based at NASA's Goddard Space Flight Center, Greenbelt, Md.
For more information about the Cassini-Huygens mission visit http://saturn.jpl.nasa.gov . The composite infrared spectrometer team homepage is http://cirs.gsfc.nasa.gov/ .Image Credit: NASA/JPL/GSFC/Oxford University
Regards
Selaasie (hope I spelled your name right ?) , Dean great to hear back from you on this idea - I was hoping at least someone in our group could relate to this thought .
Well , I myself think the inner Sun of our Earth is a ball of electrical plasma . Interestingly , electrical plasma can be used to generate thermonuclear reactions under certain conditions ,which can be simulated in a a device called a TOKAMAK . What I am saying is that all planetary cores might actually be nature's own version of a Tokamak :
Tokamak
From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia This article is about the fusion reaction device. For other uses, see Tokamak (disambiguation).A tokamak (Russian: токама́к) is a device that uses a powerful magnetic field to confine plasma in the shape of a torus. The tokamak is one of several types of magnetic confinement devices being developed to contain the hot plasma needed for producing controlled thermonuclear fusion power. It is the leading candidate for a practical fusion reactor. Magnetic fields are used for confinement since no solid material could withstand the extremely high temperature of the plasma. The world's largest tokamak project is the ITER (International Thermonuclear Experimental Reactor) being constructed in Saint-Paul-lès-Durance, in southern France. Scheduled to begin operation in 2020, it is expected to produce an output power of 500 megawatts.Tokamaks were invented in the 1950s by Soviet physicists Igor Tamm and Andrei Sakharov, inspired by an original idea of Oleg Lavrentiev.[1] Achieving a stable plasma equilibrium requires magnetic field lines that move around the torus in a helical shape. Such a helical field can be generated by adding a toroidal field (traveling around the torus in circles) and a poloidal field (traveling in circles orthogonal to the toroidal field). In a tokamak, the toroidal field is produced by electromagnets that surround the torus, and the poloidal field is the result of a toroidal electric current that flows inside the plasma. This current is induced inside the plasma with a second set of electromagnets.
Contents
1 Etymology
2 History
3 Toroidal design
3.1 Advanced tokamaks
3.2 Plasma disruptions
4 Plasma heating
4.1 Ohmic heating ~ inductive mode
4.2 Neutral-beam injection
4.3 Magnetic compression
4.4 Radio-frequency heating
5 Tokamak particle inventory
6 Experimental tokamaks
6.1 Currently in operation
6.2 Previously operated
6.3 Planned
7 See also
8 Notes
9 References
10 External links
Etymology
The word tokamak is a transliteration of the Russian word токамак, an acronym of either:
"тороидальная камера с магнитными катушками" (toroidal'naya kamera s magnitnymi katushkami) — toroidal chamber with magnetic coils;
or
"тороидальная камера с аксиальным магнитным полем" (toroidal'naya kamera s aksial'nym magnitnym polem) — toroidal chamber with axial magnetic field. [2]
History
A USSR stamp, 1987. Tokamak thermonuclear system.Although nuclear fusion research began soon after World War II, the programs in various countries were each initially classified as secret. It was not until after the 1955 United Nations International Conference on the Peaceful Uses of Atomic Energy in Geneva that programs were declassified and international scientific collaboration could take place.Experimental research of tokamak systems started in 1956 in Kurchatov Institute, Moscow by a group of Soviet scientists led by Lev Artsimovich. The group constructed the first tokamaks, the most successful being T-3 and its larger version T-4. T-4 was tested in 1968 in Novosibirsk, conducting the first ever quasistationary thermonuclear fusion reaction.[3]In 1968, at the third IAEA International Conference on Plasma Physics and Controlled Nuclear Fusion Research at Novosibirsk, Soviet scientists announced that they had achieved electron temperatures of over 1000 eV in a tokamak device.[4] British and American scientists met this news with skepticism since they were far from reaching that benchmark; they remained suspicious until laser scattering tests confirmed the findings the next year.[5]In 1973 design work on JET, the Joint European Torus, began.In 1978, Bob Guccione, publisher of Penthouse Magazine met Robert Bussard and became the world's biggest and most committed private investor in fusion technology, ultimately putting $20 Million ($60 Million in 2016 dollars) of his own money into Bussard's Compact Tokamak.[6]
Toroidal design
Tokamak magnetic field and current. Shown is the toroidal field and the coils (blue) that produce it, the plasma current (red) and the poloidal field produced by it, and the resulting twisted field when these are overlaid.Positively and negatively charged ions and negatively charged electrons in a fusion plasma are at very high temperatures, and have correspondingly large velocities. In order to maintain the fusion process, particles from the hot plasma must be confined in the central region, or the plasma will rapidly cool. Magnetic confinement fusion devices exploit the fact that charged particles in a magnetic field experience a Lorentz force and follow helical paths along the field lines.Early fusion research devices were variants on the Z-pinch and used electric current to generate a poloidal magnetic field to contain the plasma along a linear axis between two points. Researchers discovered that a simple toroidal field, in which the magnetic field lines run in circles around an axis of symmetry, confines a plasma hardly better than no field at all. This can be understood by looking at the orbits of individual particles. The particles not only spiral around the field lines, they also drift across the field. Since a toroidal field is curved and decreases in strength moving away from the axis of rotation, the ions and the electrons move parallel to the axis, but in opposite directions. The charge separation leads to an electric field and an additional drift, in this case outward (away from the axis of rotation) for both ions and electrons. Alternatively, the plasma can be viewed as a torus of fluid with a magnetic field frozen in. The plasma pressure results in a force that tends to expand the torus. The magnetic field outside the plasma cannot prevent this expansion. The plasma simply slips between the field lines.For a toroidal plasma to be effectively confined by a magnetic field, there must be a twist to the field lines. There are then no longer flux tubes that simply encircle the axis, but, if there is sufficient symmetry in the twist, flux surfaces. Some of the plasma in a flux surface will be on the outside (larger major radius, or "low-field side") of the torus and will drift to other flux surfaces farther from the circular axis of the torus. Other portions of the plasma in the flux surface will be on the inside (smaller major radius, or "high-field side"). Since some of the outward drift is compensated by an inward drift on the same flux surface, there is a macroscopic equilibrium with much improved confinement. Another way to look at the effect of twisting the field lines is that the electric field between the top and the bottom of the torus, which tends to cause the outward drift, is shorted out because there are now field lines connecting the top to the bottom.When the problem is considered even more closely, the need for a vertical (parallel to the axis of rotation) component of the magnetic field arises. The Lorentz force of the toroidal plasma current in the vertical field provides the inward force that holds the plasma torus in equilibrium.
Advanced tokamaks
Since about 1990 tokamaks are designed to operate in high-confinement mode to reduce plasma and energy losses.Advanced or 2nd generation tokamaks generally use a 'C' or 'D' shaped plasma cross-section.
Plasma disruptions
At the necessarily large toroidal currents (15 megaamperes in ITER) the tokamak concept suffers from a fundamental problem of stability. The nonlinear evolution of magnetohydrodynamical instabilities leads to a dramatic quench of the plasma current within milliseconds. Very energetic electrons are created (runaway electrons) and finally a global loss of confinement happens. At that point very intense radiation is inflicted on small areas. This phenomenon is called a major disruption.[7] The occurrence of major disruptions in running tokamaks has always been rather high, of the order of a few percent of the total numbers of the shots. In currently operated tokamaks, the damage is often large but rarely dramatic. In the ITER tokamak, it is expected that the occurrence of a limited number of major disruptions will definitively damage the chamber with no possibility to restore the device.[8][9][10][dubious – discuss][page needed]A large amplitude of the central current density can also result in internal disruptions, or sawteeth, which do not generally result in termination of the discharge.[11]
Plasma heating
In an operating fusion reactor, part of the energy generated will serve to maintain the plasma temperature as fresh deuterium and tritium are introduced. However, in the startup of a reactor, either initially or after a temporary shutdown, the plasma will have to be heated to its operating temperature of greater than 10 keV (over 100 million degrees Celsius). In current tokamak (and other) magnetic fusion experiments, insufficient fusion energy is produced to maintain the plasma temperature.
Ohmic heating ~ inductive mode
Since the plasma is an electrical conductor, it is possible to heat the plasma by inducing a current through it; in fact, the induced current that heats the plasma usually provides most of the poloidal field. The current is induced by slowly increasing the current through an electromagnetic winding linked with the plasma torus: the plasma can be viewed as the secondary winding of a transformer. This is inherently a pulsed process because there is a limit to the current through the primary (there are also other limitations on long pulses). Tokamaks must therefore either operate for short periods or rely on other means of heating and current drive. The heating caused by the induced current is called ohmic (or resistive) heating; it is the same kind of heating that occurs in an electric light bulb or in an electric heater. The heat generated depends on the resistance of the plasma and the amount of electric current running through it. But as the temperature of heated plasma rises, the resistance decreases and ohmic heating becomes less effective. It appears that the maximum plasma temperature attainable by ohmic heating in a tokamak is 20-30 million degrees Celsius. To obtain still higher temperatures, additional heating methods must be used.
Neutral-beam injection
See also: Neutral-beam injectorsNeutral-beam injection involves the introduction of high energy (rapidly moving) atoms (molecules) into an ohmically heated, magnetically confined plasma within the tokamak. The high energy atoms (molecules) originate as ions in an arc chamber before being extracted through a high voltage grid set. The term "ion source" is used to generally mean the assembly consisting of a set of electron emitting filaments, an arc chamber volume, and a set of extraction grids. The extracted ions travel through a neutralizer section of the beamline where they gain enough electrons to become neutral atoms (molecules) but retain the high velocity imparted to them from the ion source. Once the neutral beam enters the tokamak, interactions with the main plasma ions occur which significantly heat the bulk plasma and bring it closer to fusion-relevant temperatures. Ion source extraction voltages are typically of the order 50-100 kV, and high voltage, negative ion sources (-1 MV) are being developed for ITER. The ITER Neutral Beam Test Facility in Padova will be the first ITER facility to start operation.[12] While neutral beam injection is used primarily for plasma heating, it can also be used as a diagnostic tool and in feedback control by making a pulsed beam consisting of a string of brief 2-10 ms beam blips. Deuterium is a primary fuel for neutral beam heating systems and hydrogen and helium are sometimes used for selected experiments.
Magnetic compression
A gas can be heated by sudden compression. In the same way, the temperature of a plasma is increased if it is compressed rapidly by increasing the confining magnetic field. In a tokamak system this compression is achieved simply by moving the plasma into a region of higher magnetic field (i.e., radially inward). Since plasma compression brings the ions closer together, the process has the additional benefit of facilitating attainment of the required density for a fusion reactor.Set of hyperfrequency tubes (84 GHz and 118 GHz) for plasma heating by electron cyclotron waves on the Tokamak à Configuration Variable (TCV). Courtesy of CRPP-EPFL, Association Suisse-Euratom.
Radio-frequency heating
See also: Radio frequency heating and Dielectric heatingHigh-frequency electromagnetic waves are generated by oscillators (often by gyrotrons or klystrons) outside the torus. If the waves have the correct frequency (or wavelength) and polarization, their energy can be transferred to the charged particles in the plasma, which in turn collide with other plasma particles, thus increasing the temperature of the bulk plasma. Various techniques exist including electron cyclotron resonance heating (ECRH) and ion cyclotron resonance heating. This energy is usually transferred by microwaves.
Tokamak particle inventory
Plasma discharges within the tokamak's vacuum chamber consist of energized ions and atoms and the energy from these particles eventually reaches the inner wall of the chamber through radiation, collisions, or lack of confinement. The inner wall of the chamber is water-cooled and the heat from the particles is removed via conduction through the wall to the water and convection of the heated water to an external cooling system. Turbomolecular or diffusion pumps allow for particles to be evacuated from the bulk volume and cryogenic pumps, consisting of a liquid helium-cooled surface, serve to effectively control the density throughout the discharge by providing an energy sink for condensation to occur. When done correctly, the fusion reactions produce large amounts of high energy neutrons. Being electrically neutral and relatively tiny, the neutrons are not affected by the magnetic fields nor are they stopped much by the surrounding vacuum chamber. The neutron flux is reduced significantly at a purpose-built neutron shield boundary that surrounds the tokamak in all directions. Shield materials vary, but are generally materials made of atoms which are close to the size of neutrons because these work best to absorb the neutron and its energy. Good candidate materials include those with much hydrogen, such as water and plastics. Boron atoms are also good absorbers of neutrons. Thus, concrete and polyethylene doped with boron make inexpensive neutron shielding materials. Once freed, the neutron has a relatively short half-life of about 10 minutes before it decays into a proton and electron with the emission of energy. When the time comes to actually try to make electricity from a tokamak-based reactor, some of the neutrons produced in the fusion process would be absorbed by a liquid metal blanket and their kinetic energy would be used in heat-transfer processes to ultimately turn a generator.
Regards
selaasie1 wrote:
Selaasie,
Not to be argumentative, but the inner sun could be electrical, it doesn't have to be nuclear. There are problems with the nuclear idea. Things would eventually heat up inside, the radiation would build up, and how would the heat be regulated?
An electrical sun would depend on particles from The Sun as its source, of which there are a regular stream.
I just ask that you keep an open mind.
Siddharta,
Nice post. The image of Jupiter's North Pole shows a sheer drop all along the inside of the rim. That suggests that we are looking at an opening into the planet.
Dean
The TRUTH is simpy this: Inside MOST planets, is a NUCLEAR SUN, the Inner Sun. That is where the heat is coming from; the 'Tropical Environment', within, with it MASSIVE Flora Fauna. Thank You.
Let My Thoughts, Words and Deeds Bring Good And Fortune; To My_Self, My Environment And To Other Beings,. Thank You, my God.
In the continuing quest for a working scientific model of hollow earth , the above states a very important fact - if all planets (including Earth) are hollow , then it means there is always some heat emanating from the Polar openings . This heat is seen to fuel tremendous vortexes and planetwide storms on both Jupiter and Saturn . We have heard of similar "Foehn winds" or warm winds from the interior of the Earth in it's polar regions too...
Therefore , if the heat emanating from the Polar regions of Jupiter and Saturn can be such a big factor in the atmospheric circulation (wind patterns cyclones) and climate of those 2 planets , then certainly something similar could be going on , on our Earth too ???
**In all the climate models of mainstream science that I have read about , there is NO mention of heat in the form of warm winds emanating from the Polar regions of Earth . It's assumed as a default that the Polar regions are deep freeze zones with no heat source .Could this be the reason why weather forecasters till today continue to be surprised by certain types of storms or cyclones that strike apparently "without warning" which their supercomputers too couldn't predict ? Actually it's not a fault of those supercomputers - real issue is that the climate models fed into those supercomputers missed out on the input of heat at the Poles from the Polar openings !!
The Source of Heat from Within Saturn
The energy that Jupiter and Saturn make has been found be very high.There are several ways in which astronomical objects make energy from inside. The first is by thermonuclear fusion, the way a star makes energy. Another method is by radioactive material within the ground, the way a planet makes energy.For the giant planets, the method which seems to be at work is the mere fact that energy is given off from when a planet is in the process of shrinking together, or collapsing on itself.The fact that Saturn is still collapsing together indicates that the process of planet formation is still going on. This process is providing the heat from within which causes the unusual motions in the atmosphere.
Nasa unveils first pictures of Jupiter's poles: 'It's like nothing we've seen before An infrared image of Jupiter Credit: Nasa/AP
Patrick Sawer, Senior Reporter
3 September 2016 • 5:46pm With a mass of violently rotating storms swirling around its two poles the majestic greatness of the solar system’s largest planet appears, in the words of once scientist, “like nothing we’ve ever seen before”.The storms – similar to Earth’s hurricanes – were captured twisting clockwise and anti-clockwise in these first ever dramatic images of Jupiter's north pole and its southern aurora, taken during the Juno spacecraft's first orbital flyby of the gaseous planetJuno beamed back the images after coming within 2,500 miles of Jupiter on August 27, during a six-hour transit from the north pole to the south. Paid content
A league of butter fingers? Cricinfo
Latest Million Dollar Celebrity Homes For Sale Today Mansion Global
Recommended by Juno records radio signals from Jupiter's intense auroras 00:43 "It looks like nothing we have seen or imagined before," said Scott Bolton, principal investigator on the Juno project, from the Southwest Research Institute in San Antonio. "The largest planet in our solar system is truly unique. We have 36 more flybys to study just how unique it really is."Scientists are now poring over the high-definition images, taken by the spacecraft’s on-board "JunoCam" in an effort to discover more of the planet’s secrets.Alberto Adriani, of the Istituto di Astrofisica e Planetologia Spaziali in Rome, one of the researchers who developed the Jovian Infrared Auroral Mapper (JIRAM) that allowed scientists to acquire the images, said: “These first infrared views of Jupiter's north and south poles are revealing warm and hot spots that have never been seen before."While we knew that the first-ever infrared views of Jupiter's south pole could reveal the planet's southern aurora, we were amazed to see it for the first time.”Auroras are streamers of light in the sky caused by energy from the sun and electrically charged particles trapped in the magnetic field.
Jupiter's north polar region. Credit: Nasa/AP An intriguing result of the Juno mission was its capturing of what NASA described as "ghostly sounding transmissions emanating from the planet”.Scientists have known about Jupiter's radio emissions since the 1950s, but had never analysed them from such a close distance."Jupiter is talking to us in a way only gas-giant worlds can," said Bill Kurth, co-investigator, from the University of Iowa.Dr Jonathan Nichols, a Juno mission scientist from the University of Leicester, said: "We're hearing the sounds of the magnetic field from Jupiter vibrating like strings on a guitar. When they get disturbed they ring and that's the sound that we're hearing. It's been changed from radio waves into audio and it makes that great sound."If you were going to make up a sound that sounds like space, then that's it."Dr Nichols said Juno is the first spacecraft to go in to a "polar orbit", and is therefore the first spacecraft to get a view down onto the poles of Jupiter.He added: "Jupiter is crazy. It's the biggest, baddest, most dangerous place in the solar system. It's really radioactive."
Juno's journey
Juno's main mission began in July and is scheduled to end in February 2018, when the probe will self-destruct by diving into the planet's atmosphere.The $1.1 billion project aims to learn more about Jupiter's atmosphere, by looking beneath the clouds around the planet for the first time.Scientists want to establish how much water the planet contains, as the data would provide significant clues to when and how the planet formed.Juno, the first spacecraft to carry a titanium vault designed to shield its computer and electronics from intense radiation, will also probe how the planet's intense magnetic field is generated, and examine the formation of auroras. Jupiter's south pole Credit: NASA /AFP
Studying Jupiter may reveal further clues as to how Earth and the rest of the planets formed. "It's important because Jupiter tells us the story of the solar system. It tells us the story of the formation of the solar system and therefore us,” Dr Nichols told the BBC."So first the sun formed four and a half billion years ago, and then what was left over Jupiter formed, and then what was left over from that we formed. So we're the leftovers of the leftovers if you will.” Five fascinating facts about Jupiter 01:41
Thermal Images of Uranus South Pole !
Thermal imaging of Uranus South Pole - Google Search
|
|
|
| | |
|
|
|
| |
Thermal imaging of Uranus South Pole - Google Search
| |
|
|
A Warm South Pole? Yes, On Neptune!
Date:
September 20, 2007
Source:
ESO
Summary:
Astronomers using ESO's Very Large Telescope has discovered that the south pole of Neptune is much hotter than the rest of the planet. This is consistent with the fact that it is late southern summer and this region has been in sunlight for about 40 years.
Share:
-
FULL STORY Thermal images of planet Neptune taken with VISIR on ESO's Very Large Telescope, obtained on 1 and 2 September 2006. These thermal images show a 'hot' south pole on Neptune. These warmer temperatures provide an avenue for methane to escape out of the deep atmosphere. Scientists say Neptune's south pole is 'hotter' than anywhere else on the planet by about 10 degrees Celsius. The average temperature on Neptune is about minus 200 degrees Celsius. The upper left image samples temperatures near the top of Neptune's troposphere (near 100 mbar pressure). The hottest temperatures are located at the lower part of the image at Neptune's south pole (see the graphic at the upper right). The lower two images, taken 6.3 hours apart, sample temperatures at higher altitudes in Neptune's stratosphere. They do show generally warmer temperatures near, but not at, the south pole. In addition they show a warm area which can be seen in the lower left image and rotated completely around the planet in the lower right image. Credit: VLT/ESO/NASA/JPL/Paris Observatory An international team of astronomers using ESO's Very Large Telescope has discovered that the south pole of Neptune is much hotter than the rest of the planet. This is consistent with the fact that it is late southern summer and this region has been in sunlight for about 40 years. The scientists are publishing the first temperature maps of the lowest portion of Neptune's atmosphere, showing that this warm south pole is providing an avenue for methane to escape out of the deep atmosphere."The temperatures are so high that methane gas, which should be frozen out in the upper part of Neptune's atmosphere (the stratosphere), can leak out through this region," said Glenn Orton, lead author of the paper reporting the results. "This solves a long-standing problem of identifying the source of Neptune's high stratospheric methane abundances."The temperature at the south pole is higher than anywhere else on the planet by about 10 degrees Celsius. The average temperature on Neptune is about minus 200 degrees Celsius.Neptune, the farthest planet of our solar system, is located about 30 times farther away from the Sun than Earth is. Only about 1/900th as much sunlight reaches Neptune as our planet. Yet, the small amount of sunlight it receives significantly affects the planet's atmosphere.The astronomers found that these temperature variations are consistent with seasonal changes. A Neptunian year lasts about 165 Earth years. It has been summer in the south pole of Neptune for about 40 years now, and they predict that as winter turns to summer in the north pole, an abundance of methane will leak out of a warm north pole in about 80 years."Neptune's south pole is currently tilted toward the Sun, just like the Earth's south pole is tilted toward the Sun during summer in the Southern Hemisphere," explains Orton. "But on Neptune the antarctic summer lasts 40 years instead of a few months, and a lot of solar energy input during that time can make big temperature differences between the regions in continual sunlight and those with day-night variations." "Neptune has the strongest winds of any planet in the Solar System; sometimes, the wind blows there at more than 2000 kilometres per hour. It is certainly not the place you would like to go on a holiday," he adds.The new observations also reveal mysterious high-latitude 'hot spots' in the stratosphere that have no immediate analogue in other planetary atmospheres. The astronomers think that these hot spots are generated by upwelling gas from much deeper in the atmosphere.Methane is not the primary constituent of Neptune's atmosphere, which, as a giant planet, is mostly composed of the light gases, hydrogen and helium. But it is the methane in Neptune's upper atmosphere that absorbs the red light from the Sun and reflects the blue light back into space, making Neptune appear blue.The new results were obtained with the mid-infrared camera/spectrometer VISIR on ESO's VLT 8.2-m Unit Telescope 3 (Melipal).Reference: "Evidence for Methane Escape and Strong Seasonal and Dynamical Perturbations of Neptune's Atmospheric Temperatures", by Glenn S. Orton et al., is published by the research journal Astronomy and Astrophysics.The team of astronomers includes Glenn S. Orton, Cédric Leyrat, and A. James Friedson (Jet Propulsion Laboratory, California Institute of Technology, USA), Thérèse Encrenaz (LESIA, Observatoire de Paris, France), and Richard Puetter (Center for Astrophysics Space Sciences, University of California, USA).
A Swirling Vortex at Venus' South Pole - Universe Today
|
|
|
| | |
|
|
|
| |
A Swirling Vortex at Venus' South Pole - Universe Today
Space and Astronomy news | |
|
|
Here’s the latest view of the mass of swirling gas and clouds at Venus’ south pole. The Venus Express’s Visible and Infrared Thermal Imaging Spectrometer (VIRTIS) has been keeping an eye on this polar vortex since the spacecraft arrived and discovered this huge storm in 2006. During the mission, VIRTIS has seen the vortex constantly transform, morphing from a double vortex into a squashed shape and into the eye-like structure seen here.
This image was taken in April 2007 but was just released this week.Venus has a very choppy and fast-moving atmosphere, even though wind speeds are much slower at the planet’s surface. At the cloud tops about 70 km above the surface, winds can reach 400 km/h. At this altitude, Venus’ atmosphere spins about 60 times faster than the planet itself. Compared to Earth, this is a dizzying speed: even Earth’s fastest winds move at most about 30% of our planet’s rotation speed.These polar vortices form when heated air from equatorial latitudes rises and spirals towards the poles, carried by the fast winds. As the air converges on the pole and then sinks.High velocity winds spin westwards around the planet, and take just four days to complete a rotation. This ‘super-rotation’, combined with the natural recycling of hot air in the atmosphere, would induce the formation of a vortex structure over each pole.A video of the vortex, made from 10 images taken over a period of five hours, can be seen here. The vortex rotates with a period of around 44 hours.Source: ESA
Share this: