Dean, Ralph, Norlan, Scott, Frode, Forster and everyone else...
Some of you may already be aware of the following. But for me it was an eye opener about Thomas Gold's assertion that Earth's OIL and Gas are PRIMORDIAL. Didn't even know the famous Colonel Prouty had a website and was supporting ALTERNATE views on science. Prouty's website was among those in that huge collection recently posted by Ralph from Barkayren's site. Whether this data also supports Cater, Etidorhpa and the HE, I am not certain. It doesn't conflict. But it certainly lends credence to Churchward's notion that the enormous volumes of gases within the crust are PRIMORDIAL. Yet Churchward apparently was not aware that OIL too was primordial and undoubtedly formed by various gases chemically combining deep in the earth to form the liquid hydrocarbons we call OIL. (See my added comments below following all the text on the Prouty website). Awaiting comments by the rest of you. - Dick
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The following is from the website of Col. Fletcher Prouty (The "man on the bench" in Stone's JFK movie), discussing Dr. Thomas Gold's theory that OIL and GAS deposits are nearly INEXHAUSTIBLE "PRIMORDIAL" deposits (that "came with the earth" at its beginning), and unlike coal, are NOT derived from ancient fossil life... "The oil wells in Pennsylvania that were pumped out dry at the turn of the century and capped are now filled with oil again."
L. Fletcher Prouty: "... (1978) the Common Market Energy boss, M. Montibrial of France, told us that while petroleum was being marketed then for $20.00 per barrel or more, it cost no more than 25 cents per barrel at the well-head. There is our petroleum problem! We were paying more than $1.50-$1.60 per gallon, one 42nd of a barrel, at that time. Interested folks need to learn more about the Chartered Institute of Transport, and not waste their time with OPEC, the "Cover" story."
- From Dick Fojut, [email protected]
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(On Prouty's website) Letter of the Month - July 1999
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The Origins of Oil and Petroleum
How to Find Hands-On Experiences That Ignite Creativity in Australia | Astrid MM.
(Above opens Col Prouty's main web page. Click on "Letters" bottom of left side banner, for the same text included below)
Daniel E. Reynolds wrote:
On June 20th, 1996 Col. Prouty stated...
"Oil is often called a 'fossil' fuel; the idea being that it comes from formerly living organisms. This may have been plausible back when oil wells were drilled into the fossil layers of the earth's crust; but today, great quantities of oil are found in deeper wells that are found below the level of any fossils. How could then oil have come from fossils, or decomposed former living matter, if it exists in rock formations far below layers of fossils - the evidence of formerly living organisms? It must not come from living matter at all!"
Two days after I read his statement I encountered the following statement in a newspaper I deeply respect:
"Any geologist will tell you, well, most geologists will tell you that OIL IS CREATED BY THE MAGMA OF THE EARTH. The oil wells in Pennsylvania that were pumped out dry at the turn of the century and capped are now filled with oil again."
Say what?
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I would be honored if Col Prouty could provide me with just a few additional leads to MORE DOCUMENTATION BACKING UP HIS ASSERTION. A search of the US libraries (via computer) has turned up the name of Professor Thomas Gold who wrote a book entitled:
"Power from the Earth".
I tried to contact Marc J. Defant, a Volcanologist who teaches at the University of Southern Florida, but he is in Russia -- probably drilling for OIL PRODUCED BY MAGMA!!!
Professor Gold's book has been requested via interlibrary loan.
I certainly believe Col Prouty is telling the truth -- as he knows it -- personally! Well, I seek the TRUTH -- and when I find it -- I teach it to all who desire to hear it -- as best I can.
Thank you for taking time to read my request. If, Col Prouty can find the time to read it too -- and he chooses to share additional information with me -- I shall be most grateful.
Sincerely,
Daniel E. Reynolds July 29, 1996
-- -- -- -- -- - -- --
Here is Col. Prouty's response.
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Date: Wed, 31 Jul 1996 21:16:04 -0400 From: Col. L. Fletcher Prouty To: [email protected] Subject: RE: Reynolds letter
This response is for Daniel E. Reynolds, 29 July 1996 on the subject of "Oil - A renewable and abiotic Fuel?"
Dan, your use of the word "abiotic" is good. As a non-fossil fuel, petroleum has no living antecedent. It contains chemical elements found in living matter; but it is not "formerly living matter." There has not been enough true "formerly living matter"through all of creation to account for the volume of petroleum that has been consumed to date.
My background in this subject goes back to 1943. I was the pilot who flew a U.S. Geological Survey Team from Casablanca to Dhahran, Saudi Arabia. We met the Cal. Standard Oil team holding down that lease. Then we went back to Cairo to meet President Roosevelt during the Nov. 1943 "Cairo Conference" with Churchill and Chiang Kai Shek. FDR ordered the immediate construction of an oil refinery there for WW II use. This led to ARAMCO.
During the "Energy Crisis" of the 1970's I was detailed to represent the U.S. Railroad industry as a member of the "Federal Staff Energy Seminar" program started by the Center for Strategic and International Studies, sponsored by Georgetown University. That began in Jan 1974 and continued for four years. It was designed to discuss "the working of the United States national energy system, and new horizons of energy research." Among the regular attendees were such men as Henry Kissinger and James Schlesinger...most valuable meetings.
During one meeting we took a "Buffet Break" and I was seated with Arthur Kantrowitz of the AVCO Company..."Kantrowitz Labs" near Boston. At the table with us were four young geologists busily talking about Petroleum. At one point one of them made reference to "Petroleum as organic matter, and a fossil fuel." Right out of the Rockefeller bible.
Kantrowitz turned to the geologist beside him and asked, "Do you really believe that petroleum is a fossil fuel?" The man said,"Certainly" and all four of them joined in. Kantrowitz listened quietly and then said, "The deepest fossil ever found has been at about 16,000 feet below sea level; yet we are getting oil from wells drilled to 30,000 and more. How could fossil fuel get down there? If it was once living matter, it had to be on the surface. If it did turn into petroleum, at or near the surface,how could it ever get to such depths? What is heavier Oil or Water?" Water: so it would go down, not oil. Oil would be on top, if it were "organic" and "lighter."
"Oil is neither."
They all agreed water was heavier, and therefore if there was some crack or other open area for this "Organic matter" to go deep into the magma of Earth, water would have to go first and oil would be left nearer the surface. This is reasonable. Even if we do agree that "magma" is a "crude mixture of minerals or organic matters, in a thin pasty state" this does not make it petroleum, and if it were petroleum it would have stayed near the surface as heavier items, i.e. water seeped below.
My D. Van Nostrand "Scientific Encyclopedia" says "Magma is the term for molten material. A natural, complex, liquid, high temperature, silicate solution ancestral to all igneous rocks,both intrusive and effusive. The origin of Magma is not known." My "Oxford English Dictionary" does not even have the word "Magma."
Some years ago I wrote two or three pages that appeared in the McGraw Hill Yearbook of Science and Technology, i.e. "Railroad Engineering." Even that source is a bit uncertain about the"origin of petroleum" to wit:
"Less than 1% of the organic matter that originates in or is transported to the marine environment is eventually incorporated into ocean sediment," and
"Most petroleum is formed during catagenesis (undefined anywhere). If sufficient organic matter is present oceanic sediments that undergo this process are potential petroleum sources. Deeply buried marine organic matter yields mainly oil, whereas land plant material yields mainly gas." (Their idea of "deeply buried" is the "out.")
All this leaves us no where. I still go with Kantrowitz. Since oil is lighter than water, everywhere on Earth, there is no way that petroleum could be an organic, fossil fuel that is created on or near the surface, and penetrate Earth ahead of water. Oil must originate far below and gradually work its way up into well-depth areas accessible to surface drilling. It comes from far below. Therefore, petroleum is not a "Fossil" fuel with a surface or near surface origin.
It was made to be thought a "Fossil" fuel by the Nineteenth oil producers to create the concept that it was of limited supply and therefore extremely valuable. This fits with the "Depletion"allowance philosophical scam.
During one of our C.S.I.S. "International Nights" (1978) the Common Market Energy boss, M. Montibrial of France, told us that while petroleum was being marketed then for $20.00 per barrel or more, it cost no more than 25 cents per barrel at the well-head. There is our petroleum problem! We were paying more than $1.50-$1.60 per gallon, one 42nd of a barrel, at that time. Interested folks need to learn more about the Chartered Institute of Transport, and not waste their time with OPEC, the "Cover" story.
Those who pumped the Pennsylvania wells "dry" during the late eighteen hundreds saved what they had for those better days.
L. Fletcher Prouty
-- -- -- -- -- -- -- -- -- -- FOLLOW-UP-LETTER-- -- -- --
Subject: FACTS, FACTS, and MORE FACTS! To: Col Prouty Priority: Normal
Dear Len (and Col Prouty)
Stimulated by Col Prouty's assertion that OIL IS A NON-FOSSIL FUEL -- I put my roadster in high gear -- and went prospecting for some SOLID support! Well, I'm hear to tell you both, I DO BELIEVE I've FOUND IT - in spades!
Item #1: A MAGNIFICENT BOOK!!!!
TITLE: Power from the Earth Deep Earth Gas -- Energy for the Future by Thomas Gold [J.M. Dent & Sons, Ltd, London, 1987] ISBN 0-460-04462-1
May I quote a few lines from from the front cover of the book ... a few words ... on
JUST WHO THIS GUY THOMAS GOLD AND WHAT HE HAS TO SAY ON THIS SUBJECT!
"Professor Thomas Gold is one of the great scientific thinkers of our time and in Power from the Earth he puts forward a highly revolutionary and controversial theory.
According to Gold, there are within the Earth virtually limitless stores of energy in the form of gas and oil as yet untapped. This energy is of non-biological origin and there is far more of it in the Earth than geologists have ever imagined -- and IT IS ACCESSIBLE!
--- Score 1 for Col Prouty!
At a time when the future supply of traditional fossil fuels is said to be seriously limited and nuclear energy is becoming ever more suspect, Gold's theory has vast implications for the future of the Earth's energy supplies and is crucial to our understanding of the deep processes that cause earthquakes and volcanoes. His view also clearly has far reaching consequences for the economic and political shape of the world.
--- Score 2 for Col Prouty!
In the past Professor Gold has explained the nature of pulsars and solar flares, proved that the Earth's poles change position over time, made new discoveries about the workings of the human inner ear, and was the only scientist to predict that Moon's surface consists of dust. His new theory has already been grabbing the attention of the international press and a drilling operation has been started in Sweden on the basis of his idea.
In Power from the Earth Professor Gold puts forward one of the most important scientific ideas of our age."
--- Well, having read the book, I can say I certainly concur with THAT OPINION. And guess what -- Dr. Gold is a friend of Arthur K. of AVCO LABS, etc....! BULLSEYE!
--- Score 3 for Col Prouty!
WHO IS THIS MAN....well listen up...
"Professor Thomas Gold, FRS, was born in Austria and educated in Switzerland and England, where he became famous as an astronomer at Cambridge in the post-war years. In 1956 he moved to the United States to become a professor at Harvard. He later became Professor of Astronomy at Cornell University, where he founded and directed the world-famous Center for Radiophysics and Space Research. He is a Fellow of the Royal Society and of the United States National Academy of Sciences, and in 1985 was awarded the Gold Medal by the Royal Astronomical Scoiety. He now lives in Cambridge, England and is an Honorary Fellow of Trinity College."
Not bad. Not bad at all.
In fact, I'm honored to have made his acquaintance.
---- Score 4 for Col Prouty
& a Hearty THANK YOU TO DR. GOLD.
They say -- he coined the term magnetosphere in '59! I wonder what HE THINKS is causing those black outs out West??? Falling tree limbs? Now THAT's an interesting hypothesis! Maybe a bird took out the TWA? Hey, it's just a theory, just a theory...
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Ok ... now ... I hear some one murmuring
... "Well, if his Ideas are so good, so right, so profound -- SURELY THEY'VE MADE THE SCIENTIFIC LITERATURE ...REFEREED JOURNAL ARTICLES ... you know ... and all that. I mean ... if it's REEEEEEAL SCIENCE surely it's been recognized around the world!"
As a matter of fact, it has!
My I introduce you both (if you have not been so introduced prior to this letter) to the work and writings of P.N. Kropotkin...
Ref: Kropotkin, P. N. (1985) Degassing of the Earth and the Origin of Hydrocarbons, published in the International Geology Review, 27, 1261-1275
P.N. Kroptkin -- who is with the Geological Institute of the USSR Academy of Sciences, Moscow, it says in the header "has long been a leading proponent of the INORGANIC ORIGIN OF PETROLEUM, a THEORY which has had a continuous tradition of support in Russia and the Soviet Union and a recent revival in the United States and Western Europe."
Oh, well, better late than never!
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THIS PAPER IS LOADED WITH FACTS! Anyone who thinks that Col Prouty or Dr. Gold are spinning some kind of yarn ... HAD BEST READ IT -- ASAP. WE ARE BEING OFFERED AN IMMORTAL SYMPHONY BY THESE MEN -- and I for one LOVE the Sound of THIS MUSIC!
May I share just one quote from the work of P.N. Kroptkin... from page 1265 ... just one of many many AWESOME FACTS IN THIS SCIENTIFIC DOCUMENT...
"Commerical oil pools in the basement rocks have been recorded in 267 oil and gas deposits on different continents. In some, oil is present at a depth of several hundred meters from its surface; in the USSR, such pools are known in a number of areas. A detailed analysis of the geological environment suggests that in some of these deposits, OIL COULD NOT HAVE ENTERED THE POOLS FROM THE OIL-BEARING STRATA OF THE SEDIMENTARY COVER AND, CONSEQUENTLY, PENETRATED FROM BELOW ALONG FAULTS.
---Score a HOME RUN for Col Prouty and Dr. Gold!!!!
Such is the Borolla deposit with pools in the Precambrian granites of the Shillong plateau (eastern India), the Peace River deposit in Western Canada associated with faults in the basin of the Athabasca River which border the zone of the pericratonic tough of the Canadian Shied, and the gigantic deposits of the Hugoton-Panhandle region of the USA and the Augila-Nafoora-Amal deposit in Libya. In the Hugoton-Panhandle deposit, the upper Paleozoic sediments and the basement rocks contain, in addition to oil, 2000 billion m^3 of fuel gases and 10 billion m^3 of helium and its concentration in such vast amounts over a small area may be explained, as earlier noted by V. I. Vernadskiy, solely by the migration of gas from a great depth, where faults drain huge volumes of rocks of the lithosphere."
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May I make a simple REQUEST TO COL PROUTY...
Sir. Please continue to provide YOUR PROVOCATIVE MATERIAL...and OFFER US THE FACTS, as YOU KNOW THEM. Those of us out in this media-blitzed wilderness LOVE TO DO RESEARCH. WE WILL EFFORT to track down the details and WE WILL DO OUR PART but KNOW WE NEED GUIDANCE and we beg you to continue to shine YOUR VERY BRIGHT AND WISDOM FILLED LIGHT on the ROAD A AHEAD FOR US, OFFERING JUST A LITTLE DIRECTION, NOW AND THEN! We are OVER-UNITY 'MACHINES' ... and WE SHALL NOT FAIL YOU!
THANK YOU.
My very BEST to you both of you & Len!
SALU.
Daniel Reynolds Joyously Walking the grounds on which the Wright Brothers grew to fame, and VERY HAPPLY to be able to say so -- this day!
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Petroleum Disscussion Update for March 1997
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FOSSIL-FUEL THEORY DEBUNKED: OIL, GAS DEPOSITS CALLED PRIMORDIAL by Toldedo Blade
SEATTLE - The public's most widely known piece of geological knowledge--how petroleum and natural-gas deposits formed on Earth---is false, a noted scientist says. Surprisingly, his campaign to rewrite school textbooks and encyclopedias is getting grudging support from some geologists, who acknowledge that petroleum's origins may be dramatically different than what people believe.
Millions of Americans learned in grade school that oil deposits originated in the age of dinosaurs, when vegetation in lush forests was buried and subjected to high heat and pressure. Those extreme conditions supposedly transformed the hydrocarbons in vegetation into the hydrocarbons of petroleum.
"That's nonsense," snapped Thomas Gold, a scientist at Cornell University. "There's not a shred of evidence from chemistry, geology, or any other science to support it. It has no place in textbooks and school classrooms."
In appearances at the annual meeting of The American Association for the Advancement of Science in Seattle here that ended Thursday, Gold repeatedly challenged geologists to reconsider and reject the conventional theory.
Gold also presented evidence that oil and gas deposits on Earth are primordial. That means they came with the planet. They were part of the original raw material that formed the sun and planets, and deposited deep below Earth's surface when the planet formed 4.5 billion years ago.
Some of the oil gradually oozes upward from these original deposits 100 to 200 miles below the surface and collects where oil drillers can reach it.
In one presentation, Gold described shafts that he and associates drilled in an ancient meteorite impact crater in Sweden. They drilled into a kind of rock that was not sedimentary, not associated with the sediments believed to produce oil deposits. At a depth of about 4 miles, they encluntered a hydrocarbon oil similar to light petroleum that Gold believes was primordial oil. He noted a variety of evidence to support the belief. Gold estimated that this single site contained "more petroleum than all of Saudi Arabia." With current technology, however, pumping it out would be impossible, he added. Gold contended that many other planets and planetary bodies in the solar system have similar deep deposits of hydrocarbons, which are the stuff of oil and natural gas. Gold argues that a primordial origin for petroleum is the only way to explain its chemical composition.
Petroleum originating from plant matter decayed by bacteria, similar to bacteria that decay backyard garden-compost piles, would resemble a microbial product. Instead, petroleum is chemically similar to a pure hydrocarbon that has been contaminated with microbial material. That contamination, he argues, occurred as petroleum seeped upward through rock now known to contain enormous amounts of bacterial life. In moving upward, petroleum also collected helium, explaining why oil wells are such a rich source of helium.
"This is the only possible explanation," Gold said. "The association of helium with petroleum has not been accounted for in any other way."
How do geologists respond?
They're beginning to listen, according to Michael Carr, who appeared on a panel where Gold presented his theory. Carr is a scientist with the U.S. Geological Survey in Reston, Va. "Dr. Gold has some very, very good evidence, especially that involving helium," Carr said. "He certainly is challenging the geological community. There is a debate within the geological community." Carr said geologists plan to reconsider the conventional theory about petroleum formation at a major meting later in the year.
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Once again, Prouty's assertions are backed by solid, credible people, and the next time Warren Commission apologists pooh-pooh Prouty, citing Prouty's "obviously ridiculous" views on petrol, just refer them to the above article. End of the Prouty website letters.
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P.S. from Dick Fojut... Col. James Churchward (who died in 1936), author of the 2 volume set "COSMIC FORCES OF MU," would undoubtedly support Thomas Gold's assertion that GAS (and OIL) deposits are primordial, not fossil derived.
Especially see the related paragraph further below: COAL BEDS FORMED FROM INDIRECT EMPTYING OF GASES.**
I'm repeating myself again, but Churchward, described the "birth of the earth" from a beginning nebula of hot elementary gases, gathered from space, being worked to a center by a centripetal force. A vortex. From the center the gases rebounded outward to impact against incoming gases about the middle of the nebula. At that impact point, some of the "heavier" gases chemically and mechanically combined through fusion and cooled to form the first line of crystals. Earth's first crust. Against that initial line of crystals, "heavier" rock-forming gases began to join and fuse, from BOTH sides simultaneously. The inside gases fused and accumulated to form the unstratified primary foundation granite. The fusing outside gases gradually formed the secondary Gneiss rocks, being laid down in layers because the crust was rolling.
Churchward contended that when the primary granite rock crust formed by fusion, the "Archaen" foundation granite was composed of "rock forming" chemical unions and mechanical compounds of 6 elements only (Oxygen, Aluminum, Silicon, Magnesium, Calcium, and Potasslum). Yet also "trapped" inside the solidifying outside crust were volumes of other (lighter) non-solidifying gases, including Nitrogen, Hydrogen, Carbon, etc. These gases did not go into the makeup of the primary foundation granite rock. But room space in the molten and semi-molten granite had to be provided for these gases. According to Churchward, the granite rock solidified AROUND bubbles of these "free" gases, encasing them..From geological evidence, Churchward estimated that these gas bubbles of all conceivable sizes (comparable in appearance to a Swiss cheese before compacting), occupied more than HALF the volume of the forming crust. Many of these gases combined to form bubbles of explosive volcanic gases. (Like Gold, extrapolating his primordial gas and oil theory to include all other planets, Churchward suggested that the crusts of all other planets in the universe were probably formed similarly to the way he described for earth, which seems in general agreement with Gold.)
(Note that some of those gases listed above that did NOT go into the makeup of the primary granite rocks, but combined to form explosive compounds in pockets, are the same that could chemically combine to form liquid OIL hydrocarbons. Churchward's "etc." included HELIUM, that Gold pointed out is so often found with Oil deposits.)
VERTICAL CRACKS OPENED EVERYWHERE.
Later, with the overall cooling of Earth's crust, weak places between the planes of crystals gave way and long vertical cracks and fissures opened up EVERYWHERE in Earth's crust, forming passageways connecting the gas filled bubbles. By that time, due to the earth's rolling and increasing centrifugal force, the bubbles flattened in extent, with reduced height. Some gas filled chambers could be measured with a foot rule. Most were less than 400 feet from roof to floor, but some were undoubtedly miles in height. And in some cases the horizontal extent of some also measured thousands of miles.
From the beginning to the present, Earth's great centrifugal force has been "working out," (upward), emptying the deep molten "center" layer and the hard crust, of these volumes of gases through the vertical cracks and fissures.
This "working out" of the gases began prior to the cooling and combining of the "lighter" outside gases that eventually formed Earth's atmosphere and waters. (At first not a rock was elevated above the boiling waters covering the entire Earth, according to Churchward.)
RAISING THE ROCKS ABOVE WATER LEVEL.
Earth's centrifugal force drove the gases still in the molten matter and in lower bubbles of the still soft crust, upward through the fissures, into the upper chambers that were formed under the rocky surface, and just under the Gneiss layers, OVERcompressing those upper gas chambers. The still soft rocks in the "roofs" of the chambers would be forced up higher and higher (above water level) by the added volumes of gases being driven in, until the thinning rock and Gneiss in the roofs gave way, rupturing through as a temporary volcanic cone. "Temporary" because at this early time in Earth's development, the pliable rocks in the upraised volcanic cones were not compacted and hard enough yet, to fall back on themselves to form supporting triangles and stay elevated.
THE FORMING OF SEDIMENTARY ROCKS.
Once the supporting gases had escaped, the roof rocks would come crashing to the chamber floor and water would fill the hole. In time the weight of the water on the fallen roof would create a new SEDIMENTARY rock. And that, according to Churchward, is precisely how almost all of Earth's sedimentary rock layers came to be formed.
Repeated succeeding uplifts of the roofs of live gas filled chambers just below the collapsed chambers, raised the lower roofs (along with each of the flattened collapsed chamber rocks on top) again above water level, temporarily. For periods of time the exposed cracked and sliced up rocks forced above above water level would erode to form sand and soil, preparing the surface to be capable of supporting future life forms. But before long, through direct volcanic eruption or indirect emptying, the emerged roof would collapse and be submerged again.
Over countless millions of years this continual uplifting, blowing out and submerging of the roofs of miles deep of the upper rows of gas chambers, resulted in "pancaked" upper crustal rock layers becoming more and more COMPACT, free of sizeable chambers. The thickened upper crust rock layers resisted the gases easily punching through vertically as before. "Nature" and the centrifugal force began to drive the gases HORIZONTALLY, opening connecting cracks and passageways laterally between chambers, some 10 to 15 miles below the surface, forming giant, irregular GAS BELT tunnels, while searching for a weak spot in the rocks above.
MOUNTAIN RANGES WERE UPLIFTED ABOVE GAS BELT TUNNELS.
Churchward claimed these GAS BELT tunnels did not begin forming until about 20,000 years back, and then only in a preliminary manner. Until that very recent time, Earth's upper rock layers were not sufficiently compacted and hard enough to resist being forced up and punctured.
With the "pancaked" rocks above resisting, the gases were driven along laterally under enormous pressure, forcing the rocks of the tunnel roofs upward and with the roofs, MILES THICK of the all the compacted rock layers above, to form "MOUNTAIN RANGES" protruding above the surface. As from a burrowing mole, the layers of compacted rocks above were uplifted, some thousands of feet, but not high enough to rupture through. The now hard, compacted rock layers, after being uplifted at angles, as gases passed on through the belt beneath relieving upward pressure, eventually fell back upon each other forming retaining angles and stayed uplifted. In prior millions of years, the still pliable rocks then collapsed into holes opened below. (Some of the upthrust rock strata found at the tops of mountains were from the original deep granite, which has been misread by orthodox geology to assume that mountains were formed millions of years past. This is different than the granite boulders found atop mountains that had been carried there by the waves of the last south moving magnetic cataclysm depositing them on the mountainless plains of the United States, before the mountains were uplifted, according to Churchward. Another story to be retold later about the "mythical ice age.")
The laterally driven gases continued burrowing on laterally, raised the rocks above into mountain ranges, until a weak spot above was found and the gases could move upward, forcing up a cone to empty into the atmosphere. Once a crater was opened and the belt's gases emptied, the mountain range uplifting ended above that belt. The volcano became the belt's SAFTEY VALVE for the emptying of future overcompressed gases being driven along in the deep belt.
Churchward claimed MOST of earth's mountains and mountain ranges were uplifted between only between 15,000 and 12,000 years ago. One of his many proofs that there were NO mountains anywhere on earth prior to 20,000 years past, is that geological evidence indicates NO mountain vegetation or mountain animal life earlier. The geological record shows only Super tropical and tropical SWAMP growth and SWAMP animal life reaching back toward the Cambrian time. Earth's cooling was slow and methodical, with never a back step or speedup.
EARTHQUAKES.
Most Earthquakes, according to Churchward, occur after a gas belt is emptied. Pressure gone, rocks may fall in from the roofs and sides of the belts, especially in narrow connecting passages between the belt chambers, blocking future movements of gases through the belt. When succeeding volumes of driven gases enter the belt and confront the block, they either FORCE the block ahead, melting the rocks (one source of lava), or forge AROUND the block, opening a new lateral tunnel through nearby chambers. Either way, the great violence VIBRATES the surrounding rocks in every direction, but especially directly above. On the surface we experience an EARTHQUAKE. The gases are clearing a block. Any residual debris in the belt or a new small block may also need clearing. On the surface we call these AFTERSHOCKS.
**COAL BEDS FORMED FROM INDIRECT EMPTYING OF GASES.
Shallow, but extended chambers under the "endless swamps" that covered early earth, especially during the carbonic era, had roofs just above the surface of the waters, They were covered with dense lush vegetation with fern like trees towering above. When a nearby (or distant) chamber erupted and blew out, many of them had their gases INDIRECTLY emptied through fissures connecting them with the blown out chamber. Their roofs would fall too, but the soil and vegetation on the roof would be largely undisturbed, settling to the chamber floor.
From all surrounding areas, great waves of water, gathering up all vegetation (and soil) in their paths, would converge on the INDIRECTLY emptied hole to fill it. The waves would form a vortex carrying some soil and clay to the bottom in the center, followed by the mass of carried vegetation settling on top (already mashed up by the carrying waves). Most of the pulverized soil carried by the waves temporarily remained in suspension in the waters. Then it too settled on top of the vegetable matter to form the SEAL or UPPER CLAY. The weight of the water above compressed the seal and encased vegetable matter. The original floor, the lower clay, of the chamber was still connected to volcanic heat (reaching as much as 3,000 degrees in temperature).rising with gases through the connecting fissures below. Through the underclay, volumes of the heat force entered the compressed vegetable mass. Through SMOTHERED COMBUSTION, the gases in the vegetable matter were driven out into surrounding rocks with the heat and the mass left became a coal bed. Succeeding future uplifts from overcompressed chambers below later raised the entire area (along with the above first coal bed and rock layers) above water again for a time forming a new surface and lush vegetable covering on top, until later, it too crashed below water to form a second submerged coal bed in the same manner as the first coal bed. These multiples of coal beds, formed thousands of years apart and one above the other are most obvious where several of them were upraised on an angle to form the side of a mountain raised much later.
From the preceding it is clear that Churchward understood HOW fossil vegetation became converted to form our coal beds. But he never mentioned how OIL came to be. I've always found this puzzling and an error of omission on his part NOT to describe the formation of Oil (from water entering a coal bed, I assumed). Earth's supplies of gases are INEXHAUSTIBLE. As he described, Earth's centrifugal force continues to empty the volumes of gases still remaining stored deep within the crust. Obviously Churchward was unsure HOW Oil was formed so chose to not write about it. Had he known in 1934 when he published his final 2 science books (as we now know), that Oil deposits have been found BELOW the fossil areas and even below the Cambrian rocks, he would have realized that SOME of the gases being worked upward through fissures by Earth's centrifugal force, combined to form hydrocarbon deposits of Oil, as well as combining to form volcanic gases. It seems to me that some of this forming Oil would collect in deep fissures, or substitute for gases to "pool" in the many large chambers whose former gases had been earlier driven out and higher upward by earth's centrifugal force.
I do not know what Gold describes about HOW the pools of Oil are moved upward to drillable levels, but he seems to think oil somehow "seeps" upward through fissures to higher levels. I take exception to "seeping" as I'm sure Churchward would. I hope Gold is not like Astronomer Jastrow who thinks CENTRIFUGAL FORCE is of NO importance in the Cosmos (and on earth) and is probably not a real force! Earth's very REAL and UNmeasurable inside centrifugal force is quite capable of driving all liquids in the crust toward the surface, just as it has with gases.
It seems to me that Dr. Gold's theory that Earth's GASES and OIL are primordial and "came with" the Earth at its beginning is supported by James Churchward's description higher up about how earth was formed.
And Churchward's tale in turn is supported by Gold's findings and theory that gases are primordial - (and that some of those gases also combined to form huge Oil deposits.)
It may not be healthy for us to keep using Oil and Gas but evidently such deposits in the crust are NOT scarce, but nearly inexhaustible and the International Oil giants probably are also well aware of it! No wonder Gold's theory was not given the news it deserves.