Dick to Dean (out of context discussion on magnetic fields, Centrifugal; Force etc.) Some of the points below are VERY basic and need more discussion,,,
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Dick Wrote to Dean: Both forces, the magnetic pulling, and the centrifugal throwing outward, (depending on the mass and composition of the particles), CANCEL OUT each other's efforts, even at the extreme limits of
Earth's atmospheric envelope. Does anyone disagree that this "cancelling out," this "neutralizing" of both forces is happening, in the real world?
Dean replied: * The Earth's powerful, central magnet? I don't agree that there is one, nor that it powers gravity because gravity is not magnetic.
Dick comments: Dean, I'm truly stunned! You DON'T believe Earth has a central (within the crust) magnet? Nor that it powers gravity because gravity is not magnetic?
Your gravity assertion seems a complete denial of Newton about masses attracting masses - and everyone orthodox who still think Earth's "MAGNET" is their theorized iron-nickel metal sphere in the center of the earth.
And also denial of the science writer (I mentioned earlier) in my 1949 Britannica who claimed "scientists" (at that time) have found the "source of gravity" appears to originate, not at Earth's center, but at a 50 mile depth, evenly around the entire earth.
So far as I am aware,.in science, the word "magnet" is used commonly to mean, as in "the source of gravity," the "source" that ATTRACTS or DRAWS ALL physical material elements to itself. "Magnet" is of course also applied to metal bar magnets and electrically charged metal devices that ATTRACT electromagnetically charged metals.
FRICTION alone will ATTRACT and collect at the point of friction, all sorts of MAGNETIC forces, heat forces (thus also presumably soft particles) in the atmosphere. In practical effect, that seems a "magnetic" drawing to itself.
Dean, WHAT in heaven is supposed to be going on with Cater's theorized "gravity inducing effects" of soft particles at Cater's assumed 50 mile depth?
You appear to imply that the "gravity inducing" 50 mile level is NOT attracting to it (like a "magnet") all material elements above, on the surface and in the atmosphere?
Then what are these "gravity inducing effects" 50 miles down?
What is happening at the 50 mile depth, if they have nothing to do with the physical earth ABOVE? - Dick
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Dean continued his reply: * A reasonable explanation for a magnetic field is that it is generated by a solenoid effect. That the atmosphere is charged should not be hard to accept, look at all the lectricity in lightening. Soft particles permeate the atmosphere, too, and contribute a charge. The follow the magnetic lines of force and form a canopy around the planet. And theplanet is hollow. So the rotation ofa charged solenoid produces a magnetic field. Two elements, a charged atmosphere and crust; and rotation of the planet.
Dick to Dean: I'm sorry, but like some of Cater's more involved explanations, your paragraph above bewilders me. Of course the atmosphere's particles are "charged," but you give no reason how they have become "charged." Stating there is "electricity in lightning" to justify the existence of atmospheric "charge," is not a reason, just a statement of the obvious. (Actually lightning indicates an OVERcharge.)
Of course there is "electricity in lightning," PLUS innumerable magnetic forces, plus heat forces, plus a lot of other undefined "charges" and possibly even Cater's soft particles which "contribute a charge."
(And just WHAT is the "charge" that soft particles contribute? Please explain if you can.)
Dean, the observed phenomena of LIGHTNING shows us that an excess, an OVERcharge of such "charges" in the atmosphere, is either (with sheet lightning) EQUALIZING into nearby UNDERcharged areas - or "grounding," returning to "storage" in Earth's crust through a vertical LIGHTNING BOLT.
WHAT are "magnetic lines of force" composed of, that form a "canopy around the planet" that you mention? Please define.
I'm not disputing their existence. Or the existence of a "magnetic field." Agreed, the atmosphere's elements and the crust's elements, are permeated, "charged"- with every sort of electromagnetic type "charge." Agreed that the rotation of the planet, (clearly utilizing the "charges"), produces a magnetic field around earth, a canopy.
But what has your preceding paragraph got to do with explaining "the force of gravity" or MAGNETIC attraction? Or the REASON solid elements, from fine dust particles to heavy objects temporarily held aloft, "fall" to Earth's surface, seem ATTRACTED to something WITHIN or BELOW the crust? What is your explanation of everyday GRAVITY? Dean, I haven't clearly discerned such explanations from your paragraph above.
- Dick
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Dick to Dean: I'll have to take your word about clouds being "heavier than many objects stuck to the ground by gravity." I'm curious. Just how was cloud WEIGHT measured? How did they get clouds on a scale? Like others early estimated the WEIGHT of the Earth?
By "charge" in your above paragraph, I'm assuming you mean REPELLANT "charges," negative charges, correct? I don't disagree that such "anti-gravity," negative "charges" may be involved with keeping "heavy" clouds (temporarily) aloft.
But why do you think it must be EITHER negative repelling "charges" OR Centrifugal force, but not both involved at the same time? If you got the impression I believed ONLY centrifugal force was acting, I failed to communicate my view properly.
In your last sentence you asked "...then why don't many other objects get thrown aloft by the centrifugal force?"
Commonsense instructs us that Gravity has a greater power to hold or pull back "heavy" objects on the surface than centrifugal force has to throw the objects outward. NASA's rockets initially overpower gravity with pushing outward thrust, then utilize centrifugal force from Earth's spin to "throw" the rocket out further.
Dean, as you well know, pre-existing clouds didn't "rise" from Earth's surface already saturated "heavy" with water. The light components of clouds began to form at cool altitudes from light, elemental atmospheric gases and compounds. Oxygen, Hydrogen, etc.cooled and combined into compounds WITH existing excess volumes of light moisture present in the atmosphere in the area.
I don't presume to understand the CHEMICAL reasons the light gaseous elements combined with, or ABSORBED the excess moisture to form clouds, just that it happens.
It does seem probable that some of the electrical "charges" accumulated in clouds must have an additional negative effect on Gravity, temporarily neutralizing it additionally to a degree. On that Cater seems to have made a contribution.
But the "lighter" elements like Oxygen and Hydrogen , before they combine to form "heavy" clouds, are least affected by gravity or Earth's "force of gravity," attracting them back to the surface.
Affecting these lighter elements, centrifugal force seems stronger than gravity, starting from Earth's surface for some distance out, but gradually diminishing in power at the outer limit of Earth's atmospheric (and ether) "envelope."
Clearly, the lightest elements like Oxygen and Hydrogen are most easily thrown outward by Earth's centrifugal force of rotation.. But every step of the way, Earth's "magnet" (source of gravity) resists, attempting to pull the light elements (and everything heavier) back to the surface.
Observation teaches us that for some distance above the surface in the atmosphere, the repelling centrifugal force has a slight upper hand over the magnet's pulling lighter elements inward. It is a near balance, a near checkmate with each force cancelling the efforts of the other, all the way out through the atmosphere.
(Only in special situations as in LA, where other "heavier" toxic fumes are trapped under "inversion layers" can gravity accumulatively collect chemical vapors near the surface.)
From Earth's surface to the extreme edges of the atmosphere, Gravity and centrifugal force are gradually nearly NEUTRALIZING each other's efforts. Both gradually diminish in power, but gravity diminishes in power more slowly and eventually gains the advantage at the extreme edges of the atmosphere. Even the thin atmospheric particles at that edge are prevented from being thrown into outer space further by the weakened centrifugal force. The remaining Gravity force holds them..Does that answer your last question?
- Dick