Here it is Dean. Gary
CHAPTER 3
THE CAUSE OF TIDES AND
THE NATURE OF GRAVITY
In order to understand the behavior of tides, an entirely new concept
of the nature of gravity is needed. Gravity has always been the most baffling
of all the common physical phenomena. So far, nothing even
remotely resembling a satisfactory explanation for how it actually works
has ever been advanced. A complete explanation will be forthcoming in
Part III; but for the present, a broader look at gravity and directly
related subjects will suffice.
The evidence is overwhelming that gravity is responsible for tides.
However, the explanation in vogue since Newton's time is so inadequate
that some cults believe gravity has nothing to do with tides. An analysis
of the incredible flaws in the conventional explanation for tides will first
be given before introducing the valid explanation.
One of the most extraordinary examples of irrationalism in the history
of orthodox physics is the standard explanation of tides. In this case, the
discrepancy between reality and orthodox speculation is so colossal it is
one of the great enigmas in the history of human thought, that it has not
been challenged since the time of Newton. The origin of the difficulty is
an obvious flaw in the Newtonion concept of gravitation. It is the idea
that gravity effects have unlimited penetration. In other words, there is
no attenuation of gravity effects other than that due to the inverse square
law as it passes through matter. This is an outrageous violation of the law
of conservation of energy.
It is indeed amazing this obvious fallacy has been the basis ofnearly all
astronomical calculations for about 300 years. This, of course, has led to
many false conclusions in the field of cosmology, as will be shown later.
Although this affront to common sense has been a gargantuan liability
50 THE AWESOME LIFE FORCE
when applied to cosmology, it has created a travesty of impossible proportions
where the explanation of tides is concerned. As every student of
elementary mechanics is aware, a body cannot be given an acceleration
relative to another, if the same acceleration is applied to each body.
Therefore, it can be concluded that, since large bodies of water are accelerated
relative to the earth to produce tides, such bodies are given different
accelerations than the earth as a whole. Otherwise, there would be
no movement of water across the surface of the earth. It follows that the
concept of unlimited penetration presents orthodox theorists with insurmountable
difficulty in any attempt to understand tides.
Since the distances of the moon and sun are great compared to the diameter
of the earth, all parts of the earth will experience very nearly the
same gravitational attraction from these external bodies, if the above
premise were valid. Any differences would be of an infinitesimal magnitude.
High tides tend to occur when the moon is approximately at its
zenith and simultaneously on the opposite side of the earth. This gave
rise to the idea of tidal bulges, since the high water seemed to be almost
directly below the moon. The high water on the opposite side of the earth
presented the theorists with major technical difficulties. They surmounted
the problem with nebulous discussions of centrifugal forces, horizontal
components of the differential gravitational forces and other vagaries.
The gibberish does not merit a reproduction. With such an impossible
task facing them, the Newtonian advocates could do nothing else
without abandoning Newton's concept, and that would be unthinkable.
The shortcomings of the explanation are compounded by the fact that it
contains an incredible contradiction.
It is stated that high water is not caused by any lifting of the water
against the force of the earth's gravity, but rather by horizontal tractive
forces unopposed by gravity. The horizontal component of already infinitesimal
forces reduces them almost to the vanishing point. At the
same time, the raising of water above the general level by an almost nonexistent
horizontal force is in opposition to earth gravity, which will tend
to pull the "high" water back to the original level.
The Newtonian approach did seem to account for the annoying fact
that the moon is a far greater factor in producing tides then the sun, but
it created far worse problems than the one it seemed to solve. The plane
of the moon's orbit intersects the plane of the earth's equator at about 28
degrees. This means that the moon never wanders above 28 degrees north
or south latitude. According to the standard theory, the greatest tides
should all occur within this zone. Instead, the highest tides are experi-
The Cause 0/ Tides and the Nature of Gravity 51
enced in much higher latitudes, both north and south.
To give the reader an idea the minuteness of the tide producing force
as based on the Newtonian concept, the following calculations are presented.
According to conventional astrophysics, the moon's average distance
is about 235,000 miles from the earth. Its surface gravity is supposed
to be one-sixth that of the earth or an ability to produce an acceleration
of 5.36 ft.lsec2. The moon's diameter, according to their findings
is 2,160 miles. Since the force of gravity varies according to the inverse
square law, the gravitational force the moon would exert at the earth's
surface would be
( 1,080)2
5.36 (235,000)2 .000113 ft.lsec. 2
Without considering horizontal components, the maximum total force
could not exceed the difference between the force the moon would exert
at the earth's surface and that exerted at the center of the earth. This
value turns out to be
.00013 - 5.36 ( 1,080)2 ft.lsec.2 = .00002 ft.lsec.2
(239,000)2
This force is so minute that it would require 13.8 hours for it to accelerate
any object to a velocity of one foot per second! It must be remembered,
however, that the actual tide-producing force would only be a
very small fraction of this amount. It should not be difficult for even the
most obtuse mind to realize such a force could never even overcome the
natural viscosity of the water. Yet it is supposed to produce tidal bulges
and distort a solid earth with an iron core 4,000 miles in diameter! Orthodox
physicists are stuck with this monstrosity, since abandoning it
would mean the collapse by the domino effect of everything they hold
dear in the realm of theoretical physics. Their great skill in the realm of
doublethink has enabled them to live with the contradictions inherent in
this concept for the past 300 years. This case of mental ineptitude is only
one of many others of similar proportions scattered throughout the
realm of orthodox physics.
It is stretching credibility too far to assume that at least some of the
brighter members of the scientific fraternity have not checked on tidal
52 THE AWESOME LIFE FORCE
theory from a quantitative standpoint after all this time. If so, they
would have noted the horrendous discrepancy. Since no mention has
been made of it, the conclusion seems inescapable the experience was
something akin to the opening of a pandora box. Suppose one has Ob~
served an attractive but sealed box and wishes to learn what is inside it.
As he loosens the lid the odors issuing from the box become so overpow
ering he is forced to clamp the lid back on as quickly as possible before
his olfactory nerves are seriously damaged.
It is now apparent the idea of unlimited gravity penetration is not valid.
This means the surface gravity effects of the moon penetrate the earth
for only very limited distances. Therefore, the total acceleration the surface
gravity of the moon imparts on the earth, as a whole, is very small
compared to the acceleration force exerted on an object at the earth's
surface, such as a body of water facing the moon. This means the water
not being fixed to the earth is free to move across the surface by means of
the moon's gravitational influence. The difference in gravitational accelerations
is so great the acceleration given a body at the surface follows
very closely the inverse square law, since the acceleration given the earth
as a whole can be disregarded.
For any given portion of a body of water, the horizontal component of
the moon or sun's gravitational pull will be greatest when such bodies are
seen at the horizon. This is when the tide producing force is at its maximum.
When either body is at the zenith or directly overhead, the tideproducing
force drops to zero. As it passes the zenith position, it tends to
accelerate the water in the opposite direction. This force reaches a maximum
at the time the moon or sun begins to drop below the horizon. The
cause of two high and low tides during an approximate 24-hour cycle
now becomes apparent.
Consider a western shore line. As the moon, for example, rises above
the horizon, a large mass of water is accelerated toward the shore. This
volume of water attains a significant momentum by the time the moon
reaches its zenith. The momentum is great enough to cause large quantities
of water to back up on the land above the general level of the sea.
As the moon passes the zenith, it tends to accelerate the water in the opposite
direction. The water soon loses its momentum in an easterly direction,
and moves back away from the shore and acquires a similar momentum
in a westerly direction by the time the moon drops below the
horizon. Both the moon's accelerative force and the earth's gravity moving
the high water back to a lower level produce the movement toward
the west. An oscillatory or wave motion of the water is produced. This
The Cause of Tides and the Nature of Gravity 53
causes another high and low tide before the moon rises again.
The center of the mound of high water produced during a high tide will
tend to lag behind the moon as it moves across the sky. 'This is to be expected.
Frictional forces and the fact that no acceleration is produced on
water directly below the moon cause a time lag. The mounds of high
water in approximate positions below the moon created the illusion of
tidal bulges, especially since another mound of high water is produced on
the opposite side of the earth at the same time for reasons just given.
The relative positions of the moon and sun, depth of the water and the
shape of land masses affect the timing and magnitude of tides. The
reason for the greater tides occuring in the higher latitudes becomes apparent
from the analysis just given. Since the moon doesn't stray more
than 28 degrees above the equator, it is closer to the horizon most of the
time in the high latitudes and thus exerts a higher average horizontal
force on water masses.
As expected, the greatest tides will occur during a new moon or when
the gravitational influences of the sun and moon are both in the same direction,
or during a full moon. During the moon's advance to the quarter
position, the sun works in opposition to the moon for increasingly longer
periods of time. This tendency reaches a maximum at the quarter moon.
At this position the sun opposes the moon for nearly 12 hours out of 24,
and so called neap or low tides will result. As the moon advances past the
quarter position, the sun opposes the moon for even shorter periods and,
assists the moon during the rest of the time. This tendency for the sun to
oppose the moon reaches a minimum when a full moon is attained. At
this stage, the sun is assisting the moon approximately as much as it does
during a new moon. High tides will again occur during this period. A
similar cycle follows as the moon moves to the last quarter and finally to
a new moon again.
It is now clear that this new approach to understanding tides easily accounts
for all the basic facts concerning tides from a qualitative standpoint.
It also explains tides from a quantitative aspect. In the analysis to
follow, the effect of only the moon will be considered and "that the moon
is orbiting in the plane of the equator.
There is powerful evidence the surface gravity of the moon is very
nearly as great as earth gravity. This possibility will be thoroughly explored
and proven in Part III. However, to be ultra conservative, it will
be assumed that moon gravity is only 75 percent earth gravity. It is also
assumed that the moon is orbiting at its closest approach which is supposed
to be 220,000 miles.
54 THE AWESOME LIFE FORCE
Figure 1
THE FORCES WHICH PRODUCE TIDES
fhe position of point A in
relation to the moon where
the tidal force is a
maximum
The position of point A in relation
to the moon where the tidal force is minimum
It is the horizontal component of the moon's gravitational pull on the earth which
produces tides. The same effect is also produced by the sun. This results from the
direct gravity radiations of both bodies which penetrate the earth for a very limited
distance. The accelerating force imparted to the surface facing the source of the
gravity-inducing radiations is far greater tt1an the acceleration given to the earth as .
a whole. .
Orthodox science assumes that gravitationai force has an unlimited penetrating
ability. Scientists are then forced to conclude that tides are the result of tidal bulges
produced by the gravitational influence of the moon and sun. However, the conventional
theory cannot account for a force substantial enough to produCe.tidai bulges.
The Cause of Tides and the Nature of Gravity 55
Therefore, the rroon's gravitational attraction, F, at the earth's surface
equals
Om ( 1,080)2 ft.!sec.2 = .75 (32.2) ( 1,08W ft.lsec.2
(220,000)2 (220,000)2
or .000582 ft.lsee. 2.
With this force, volumes of water will be given momentum toward a
shore with the moon behind it. This momentum reaches a maximum
when the moon reaches a maximum oblique angle with the water, at
which time it will tend to accelerate the water in the opposite direction.
Now assume that the moon is orbiting in the equatorial plane of the
earth, and when it is at the zenith it no longer accelerates the water. A
calculation of the velocity the water at tains may now be given. The acceleration
at any time is, a = A cos9, where A is the acceleration, at the
time the moon is at the horizon which has been shown to be about
(.000582) ft / sec2. At this stage 9 = O.
The velocity is most easily determined by finding the average acceleration
over a six hour span, or from the time 9 increases from 0 to IT 12.
This avoids troublesome integrations and manipulations. All that is
necessary is to find the area under the curve a = A cos 9. Now,
6A ' = A cos 969 where A' is the area under the curve from
e = 0 to 9= lTl2.
Integrating,
f 9 = lTl2
A' = A . oos 9b9 = -A[sin9]o = A 1T12
9 = 0
If, a, had remained constantfrom 9 = 0 to 9 = IT 12, this area would
have been (lTl2)A. Therefore, the average acceleration = A/( lTl2) =
.63A which equals .63 (.000582 ft/sec. 2 At the end of 6 hours the mass of
water attains a velocity of about .63 x 3,600 x 6 (.000582) fL/sec .. =
.000366 x 3600 x 6 ftlsee. or 7 .9 ftlsec. which is more than 5 miles per
hour. This is due only to the moon effects at the equator where tidal effects
are less. The value just obtained is of the same order of magnitude
as the observed velocity of many tidal curreBts. It is apparent that this
approach deals effectively with tides, both from a quantitative and a
qualititive standpoint. In the higher latitudes the additional effects due to
the sun can create tidal currents with velocities much greater than five
miles per hour.
56 THE AWESOME LIFE FORCE
tides, both from a quantitative and a qualitative standpoint. In the
higher latitudes the additional effects due to the sun can create tidal currents
with velocities much greater than five miles per hour.
There are many factors which produce variations in tidal effects, such
as the difference between a solar day and a lunar day, the shape o( land
masses, water depths, and latitude. This results in a very complicated
tidal picture.
Tidal forces are largely responsible for ocean currents which, as is to
be expected, are stronger in the higher latitudes. Tidal effects are not apparent
in small bodies of water, since a large enough volume of water
cannot be set into motion to offset frictional forces, and there is not
enough time for much of the water to attain a significant velocity.
The analysis of tides presented above forms the basis for proving the
surface gravity on the moon is greater than that on the sun. Since the sun
and the moon have the same apparent diameters, viewed from the earth,
tidal effects produced by them are directly proportional to their surface
gravities. This will become evident from the following analysis: gravitational
effects vary inversely as the square of the distance away. Their apparent
diameters are inversely proportional to the distance; therefore,
their apparent surface areas also vary inversely as the square of the
distance. The gravitational effect of an external body on another is
directly proportional to its surface area, therefore,
Fs _ GsAs
···
~
and
Fm _ GmAm
rm
Where Fs and Fm are the tidal forces produced by the sun and moon, Gs
and Om are the surface gravities of the sun and moon; Rs and Rm and
As and Am are their respective areas. Dividing,
Fs . As rinGs
-- - --=--~'=-~
Fm Am~Gm
Given that their apparent diameters are the same.
As = Am
T rm
The Cause of Tides and the Nature of Gravity 57
or
and substituting in the above equation yields
F s Os
~ <--,.,rm
urn
Since the moon is a greater factor in producing tides, the conclusion that
the moon has a greater surface gravity than the sun is inescapable!. To
the orthodox mind this produces insurmountable paradoxes. The time
has come for these to be resolved. This can only be accomplished by
probing deeper into basic causes.
Much of what follows will be completely lost on some segments of the
scientific community. Incredible as it may seem some honored members
of the scientific world seem to be totally incapable of rational thought.
Recently the author was astounded when one of these individuals, after
reading this chapter, suggested that the author read the explanation of
tides given in the Encyclopedia Britannica! Here is a cla&Sic example of
the fact that many conventional scientists have and will continue to reject
any reality that is damaging to that they hold sacred, regardless of how
obvious and incontrovertably true it may be. It will become increasingly
evident that few in the academic world is of sufficient stature to escape
the intellectual straight jacket imposed on them by academic authority.
58 THE AWESOME LIFE FORCE
--- In [email protected], "silopanna" <silopanna@...> wrote:
To: Bob
Posted by: Dean
According to the idea of gravity effects being due to electromagnetic attraction, the radiation which produces this attraction would be generated along any planet's surface, along the skin of the crust. It's penetration, at the level of strength that we observe on the surface, would not be great, the strenghth of gravity effects would diminish; let's say, 50 miles down at full strength, tapering off further down.
According to this scheme, the center of gravity of any planet does not exist because gravity effects would only exist within a spherical band.
By the way, this means that all planets generate the same amount of gravity per square foot.
And by the way again, the observed behavior of tides on our planet is very incompatible with newtonian gravity. Cater expounded on this, but I have lost the file. It is Chapter three in his book and about 5 pages long.
Can anyone get it on the net?
Dean
From: jesuschr2001
Sent: Saturday, October 06, 2012 4:40 AM
To: [email protected]
Subject: [allplanets-hollow] Re: Latest Posting at The Hollow Earth Insider
Bob, if the Earth is indeed hollow (and I believe it is) then the current mainstream science theory of gravity is incorrect. In my understanding the Earth's crust is about 800 miles thick, and the center of gravity is not located in the center of the Earth but within the crust so that the oceans on the surface of the Earth cling to the surface, and the oceans in the inner Earth cling to the inner surface which would be upside down from our surface perspective. And, the north and south polar openings gradually curve from the outer to the inner surface so if one were to walk from the surface of the Earth along the curvature of the polar opening all the way into the hollow Earth to the upside down inner surface (a very long distance to walk) one would, when reaching the inner surface be standing upside down from their former orientation while standing on the surface of the Earth, so any water flowing from the outer surface of the Earth to the inner surface of the Earth (or vice -versa) would follow/flow along the curvature and always cling to it. I hope I have explained it correctly. There are several hollow Earth books which address this problem. "Etidorhpa" is one of them, and "The Ultimate Reality" is another. You will find both books in the file section of our group. Gary
--- In [email protected], Bob Lao <boblao86@> wrote:
>
> I do think the hollow earth theory is really possible. But how to explain why the sea water doesn't go into the middle of the earth.
>
[Non-text portions of this message have been removed]